Table 2.

Mean Beverage Consumption and Percent Difference by Student Characteristics

	n	Unadjusted Mean (SD) SSBa Consumptionb	Adjusted percent difference (95% CI); P-valuesc in beverage consumption compared to reference group
			SSB	Water
Elementary (n=297)
Race/Ethnicity
Whited	108	1.0 (2.2)	ref	ref
Asian or Pacific Islanderd	16	1.3 (1.9)	42% (−43, 255); P=0.46	−8% (−30, 20); P=0.52
African American or Blackd	48	3.8 (4.7)	209% (72, 456); P<0.001	−7% (−23, 11); P=0.42
Hispanic	81	1.7 (2.1)	32% (−19, 113); P=0.26	−18% (−30, −4); P=0.02
Two or More Racesd	44	0.6 (1.4)	−52% (−78, 7); P=0.07	−2% (−15, 13); P=0.80
FRPM Not Eligible	108	1.0 (2.2)	ref	ref
FRPM Eligible	189	2.6 (3.4)	86% (18, 195); P=0.008	−3% (−15, 10); P=0.61
Middle and High (n=695)
Race/Ethnicity
Whitec	253	0.6 (0.7)	ref	ref
Asian Pacific Islanderc	51	1.1 (1.7)	67% (17,138); P=0.004	4% (−5, 13); P=0.38
African American or Blackc	157	2.1 (2.7)	214% (136, 316); P<0.001	−17% (−25, −8); P<0.001
Hispanic	158	1.1 (1.4)	68% (30, 117); P<0.001	−10% (−17, −2); P=0.02
Two or More Racesc	76	1.1 (1.3)	65% (27, 116); P<0.001	−4% (−13, 6); P=0.42
FRPM Not Eligible	255	1.0 (1.6)	ref	ref
FRPM Eligible	440	1.5 (1.9)	10% (−11, 34); P=0.38	0% (−7, 8); P=0.93

Acronyms: SSB—sugar-sweetened beverage, FRPM—Free and reduced price meal, ref—reference group.

^aSSBs include the sum of soda; fruit-flavored, energy, and sport drinks; and sweetened water, coffee, and tea

^bUnits of beverage consumption are in frequency of consuming a “can, bottle, or glass” “yesterday” for elementary and per day in the “past 7 days” for middle/high school.

^cEstimates are from generalized linear regression models with a log link, gamma distribution, and robust standard errors, including the following independent variables: school, grade level, gender, race/ethnicity, and free and reduced price meal (FRPM) eligibility. Statistical significance is indicated by P-value<0.05.

^dNon-Hispanic