Table 3.

Associations of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Norms (KAN) and media items with Sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) Consumption

	Adjusted percent difference (95% CI); P-valuesa in beverage consumption according to KAN and media item response
	Elementary			Middle and High
KAN and media items	n	SSBb	Water	n	SSBb	Water
Response scale for below: 1=has no effect on health to 4=is extremely unhealthyc
Attitude that sugary drink are unhealthy: “…drinking sugary drinks…”	291	−21% (−38, 0); P=0.05	12% (5, 20); P=0.001	686	−29% (−38, −18); P<0.001	10% (6, 15); P<0.001
Norm—friends think sugary drinks are unhealthy: “…your friends think drinking sugary drinks…”	273	−3% (−27, 29); P=0.84	18% (10, 26); P<0.001	674	−12% (−23, 1); P=0.07	1% (−3, 6); P=0.59
Norm—frequency of peer sugary drink consumption: “How often do … most students…drink sugary drinks? (response in times/day)	297	24% (1, 52); P=0.04	2% (−5, 9); P=0.68	691	21% (9, 34); P<0.001	6% (3, 10); P=0.001
Response scale for below: 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agreed
Knowledge that liquid sugar is less satiating: “Foods with sugar…make you feel full for a longer time than drinks with sugar in them”	289	−14% (−27, 0); P=0.05	6% (1, 12); P=0.02	690	−9% (−16, −1); P=0.04	2% (−1, 5); P=0.13
Knowledge that sugary drinks increase diabetes risk: “Drinking sugary drinks can lead to diabetes…”	289	−17% (−28, −5); P=0.009	8% (3, 14); P=0.002	691	−17% (−24, −9); P<0.001	7% (3, 11); P=0.002
Knowledge that sugary drinks can cause cavities: “Drinking sugary drinks can cause cavities…”	290	−24% (−34, −12); P<0.001	7% (1, 13); P=0.03	689	−25% (−32, −17); P<0.001	4% (−1, 10); P=0.10
Media—belief that sugary drink ads target kids: “…sugary drink [ads] were designed for kids and teens…”	287	−23% (−33, −11); P<0.001	−1% (−5, 3); P=0.50	690	−6% (−16, 5); P=0.25	3% (0, 7); P=0.07
Media—belief that sugary drink ads “cause people to drink more sugary drinks…”	289	−21% (−31, −8); P=0.002	3% (−2, 8); P=0.21	688	2% (−10, 8); P=0.70	5% (1, 9); P=0.008
Media—belief that “you can trust food and beverage advertisements”	287	28% (11, 47); P<0.001	4% (0, 8); P=0.06	688	17% (8, 28); P<0.001	−1% (−5, 2); P=0.39

Acronyms: Ads—Advertisements, KAN—knowledge, attitudes, and norms, SSB—sugar-sweetened beverage

^aEstimates are from generalized linear regression models with a log link, gamma distribution, and robust standard errors, including the following independent variables: school, grade level, gender, race/ethnicity, and FRPM eligibility. Statistical significance is indicated by P-value<0.05.

^bSSBs include soda; fruit-flavored, energy, and sport drinks; and sweetened water, coffee, and tea

^c1=Has no effect on health, 2=Is a little unhealthy, 3=Is very unhealthy, 4=Is extremely unhealthy

^d1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Sort of Disagree, 3=Neither, 4=Sort of Agree, 5=Strongly Agree