Table 4.
Association Between Student Characteristics And Response To Knowledge, Attitude, And Norms (KAN) And Media Items
| Mean point difference in response (95% CI)a to KAN and media items by student characteristics; P-values (sample size) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KAN and media items | Race/Ethnicity |
FRPM Eligibility |
|||||
| White (ref) |
Asian Pacific Islanderb |
Black or African Americanb |
Hispanic | Two or More Racesb |
Not eligible (ref) |
Eligible | |
| Response scale for below: 1=has no effect on health to 4=is extremely unhealthyc | |||||||
| Attitude that sugary drink are unhealthy: “…drinking sugary drinks…” | ref (n=355) |
−0.07 (−0.24, 0.10); P=0.40 (n=66) |
−0.15 (−0.30, −0.01); P=0.04 (n=201) |
−0.05 (−0.17, 0.08); P=0.48 (n=236) |
0.04 (−0.10, 0.17); P=0.60 (n=119) |
ref (n=619) |
−0.03 (−0.14, 0.07); P=0.54 (n=358) |
| Norm—friends think sugary drinks are unhealthy: “…your friends think drinking sugary drinks…” | ref (n=351) |
−0.15 (−0.31, 0.02); P=0.08 (n=65) |
−0.23 (−0.36, −0.11); P<0.001 (n=192) |
−0.07 (−0.18, 0.05); P=0.24 (n=222) |
0.07 (−0.07, 0.20); P=0.34 (n=117) |
ref (n=610) |
0.05 (−0.05, 0.16); P=0.30 (n=337) |
| Norm—frequency of peer sugary drink consumption: “How often do … most students…drink sugary drinks? (response in times/day) | ref (n=356) |
0.4 (0.2, 0.7); P<0.001 (n=67) |
0.6 (0.5, 0.8); P<0.001 (n=202) |
0.2 (0.1, 0.4); P=0.002 (n=238) |
0.3 (0.1, 0.4); P=0.004 (n=118) |
ref (n=624) |
0.2 (0.1, 0.3); P=0.007 (n=357) |
| Response scale for below: 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agreed | |||||||
| Knowledge that liquid sugar is less satiating: “Foods with sugar…make you feel full for a longer time than drinks with sugar in them” | ref (n=353) |
−0.17 (−0.45, 0.10); P=0.22 (n=67) |
−0.32 (−0.55, −0.10); P=0.005 (n=203) |
−0.18 (−0.36, 0.01); P=0.06 (n=238) |
−0.09 (−0.29, 0.11); P=0.38 (n=118) |
Ref (n=620) |
−0.05 (−0.21, 0.11); P=0.51 (n=359) |
| Knowledge that sugary drinks increase diabetes risk: “Drinking sugary drinks can lead to diabetes…” | ref (n=358) |
−0.15 (−0.39, 0.09); P=0.23 (n=66) |
−0.34 (−0.56, −0.13); P=0.002 (n=201) |
−0.14 (−0.31, 0.03); P=0.10 (n=238) |
−0.10 (−0.29, 0.09); P=0.28 (n=117) |
ref (n=623) |
<−0.01 (−0.16, 0.15); P=0.98 (n=357) |
| Knowledge that sugary drinks can cause cavities: “Drinking sugary drinks can cause cavities…” | ref (n=357) |
−0.19 (−0.45, 0.08); P=0.17 (n=67) |
−0.42 (−0.62, −0.21); P<0.001(n=201) |
−0.11 (−0.27, 0.04); P=0.14 (n=236) |
−0.15 (−0.34, 0.03); P=0.10 (n=118) |
ref (n=621) |
0.07 (−0.08, 0.21); P=0.36 (n=358) |
| Media—belief that sugary drink ads target kids: “…sugary drink [ads] were designed for kids [and teens]…” | ref (n=353) |
−0.29 (−0.59, <−.01); P=0.05 (n=67) |
−0.42 (−0.63, −0.20) P<0.001 (n=204) |
−0.10 (−0.27, 0.08); P=0.28 (n=236) |
0.05 (−0.14, 0.24); P=0.61 (n=117) |
ref (n=619) |
−0.07 (−0.22, 0.09); P=0.41 (n=358) |
| Media—belief that sugary drink ads “cause people to drink more sugary drinks…” | ref (n=355) |
−0.24 (−0.51, 0.03); P=0.09 (n=66) |
−0.26 (−0.47, −0.05); P=0.01 (n=201) |
−0.13 (−0.31, 0.04); P=0.13 (n=237) |
−0.05 (−0.26, 0.15); P=0.62 (n=118) |
ref (n=622) |
0.07 (−0.08, 0.23); P=0.33 (n=355) |
| Media—belief that “you can trust food and beverage advertisements” | ref (n=355) |
0.16 (−0.11, 0.43); P=0.24 (n=66) |
0.39 (0.17, 0.60); P<0.001 (n=201) |
0.40 (0.22, 0.58); P<0.001 (n=235) |
0.09 (−0.10, 0.28); P=0.35 (n=118) |
ref (n=619) |
0.19 (0.03, 0.35); P=0.02 (n=356) |
Acronyms: KAN—knowledge, attitudes, and norms, FRPM—Free and reduced price meal, ref—reference group.
a
Estimates are linear regression models with robust standard errors, including the following independent variables: school, grade level, gender, race/ethnicity, and FRPM eligibility. Statistical significance is indicated by P-value<0.05.
b
Non-Hispanic
c
1=Has no effect on health, 2=Is a little unhealthy, 3=Is very unhealthy, 4=Is extremely unhealthy
d
1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Sort of Disagree, 3=Neither, 4=Sort of Agree, 5=Strongly Agree