Table 1.

Descriptions of active pain avoidance behaviors recorded during the experiment.

Behavior	Abbreviation	Description
Restlessness	Rst	Transition from standing to lying or vice versa within a 30 s window at the observation timepoint
Kicking/foot stamping	FSK	Either a front or hind limb (usually hind limb) was lifted and forcefully placed on the ground while standing or was used to kick while standing or lying
Rolling	rl	Lamb rolled from lying on one side to the other without getting up or rolled on its back and then returned to lying on the same side.
Jumping	jmp	Lamb moved forward using bunny hops with its hind limbs
Licking/biting wound site	LBW	Movement of the head beyond the shoulder, including both looking and touching at the source of pain and grooming.
Easing quarters	EQ	Abnormally lowers rear quarters (standing) or attempts to keep quarters off the ground (lying).
Teat seeking	TS	No differentiation with or without sucking
Pain behaviors	Rst + FSK + rl + jmp + LBW + EQ	All pain avoidance behaviors pooled