Table 1.
Selected studies regarding phytochemicals and their derivatives effects on growth-related genes.
| Phytochemicals/Derivatives | Dose | Type of Administration | Duration | Enhanced Gene Expression | Fish Species | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tannin | 0.05 or 0.1% diet | oral | 6 weeks | gh and igf-i | beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) | [19] |
| Curcumin | 0.5 and 1% diet | oral | 35 days | gh, igf-1, and igf-2 | tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) | [20] |
| D-limonene | 400 and 600 ppm diet | oral | 63 days | igf-1, muc, pept1, lpl and alp | Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) | [21] |
| Apple cider vinegar | 3 and 4.5% diet | oral | 8 weeks | GHRL | zebrafish (Danio rerio) | [22] |
gh: growth hormone; IGF-I insulin-like growth factor-I; muc: mucin-like protein; pept1: oligo-peptide transporter I; lpl: lipoprotein lipase; alp: alkaline phosphatase.