Table 1.
Overview of precision crop farming technology and applications.
| Reference | Application | Involved Technologies | Main Objective/Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| [10] | Soil management | Soil electrical conductivity sensor | Measures the soil solute concentration while assessing the soil salinity hazard |
| [12] | Soil management | Electrodes for frequency domain (FDR) or time domain reflectometry (TDR) | Measures soil water content |
| [13] | Soil management | Tensiometer | Detects the force used by the roots in water absorption |
| [9] | Soil management | Photodiode | Determines clay, organic matter andmoisture content of the soil |
| [14] | Soil management | Ion-selective electrodes (ISE) and ion-selective field effect transistor sensors (ISFET) | Used to detect the primary plant nutrients (NO3, NH4, K and PO4) in soils |
| [15] | Soil management | Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and gamma ray spectrometry (GRS) | GPR is related to soil hydrology parameters, and GRS data is related to some soil nutrients and other soil texture characteristics |
| [5] | Soil management | GNSS reflectometry | Produce high-resolution maps of soil moisture by the use of drone flying at low altitude |
| [18] | Seeding management | Seed drill depth control system | Maintaining of an adequate and uniform seeding depth |
| [19] | Seeding management | Electric seeder for small-size vegetable seeds base on power drive and optical fiber detection technology | Perform precision seeding; real-time monitoring the quality of seeding; furrow, seeding and repression at a time |
| [20] | Seeding management | Wheel mobile robot for the wheat precision seeding | Wheat precision seeding |
| [17] | Seeding management | Control system for seed-metering device using a single chip microcomputer | Make the seed-metering device keep synchronization with the working speed of the seeder |
| [21] | Seeding management | Air-assisted high speed precision seed metering device | Solve short filling time issues during high-speed operation; reduce the accumulation of seeds in the venturi tube |
| [23] | Water management | Automatic irrigation system | Optimal irrigation strategy for improving the irrigation water use efficiency |
| [24] | Water management | IoT based smart irrigation system along with a hybrid machine learning based approach | Predict the soil moisture |
| [25] | Water management | Water management system using satellite LANDSAT data and meteo-hydrological modeling | Development of an operational irrigation system for water management |
| [26] | Water management | Smart irrigation system using global system for mobile communication (GMS) | Help farmers water their agricultural fields |
| [27] | Water management | IoT-based renewable solar energy system | Appropriate actuation command signals to operate irrigation pumps |
| [28] | Water management | Low-cost irrigation system based on wireless sensor network using a radio frequency communication. | Make water use and energy consumption more efficient |
| [29] | Water management | Smart irrigation system based on real-time soil moisture data | Determine the dynamic designed irrigation depth for guiding irrigation events |
| [31] | Fertilizer management | Variable-rate fertilizer control system based on ZigBee technology | Automatically adjust the fertilizer application rate based on a prescription map |
| [32] | Fertilizer management | Improved organic fertilizer mixer based on the Internet of Things (IoT) | Monitoring the status of fertilizer production remotely providing updates and alerts to the farmers |
| [33] | Fertilizer management | Low-cost agricultural robot (prototype) | Spray fertilizers safely and autonomously; general crop monitoring |
| [34] | Fertilizer management | IoT-based fertigation system | Promote sustainable irrigation and fertilization management offering more economic and environmental benefits than empirical models |
| [35] | Fertilizer management | Model based on decision support system for agrotechnology transfer (DSSAT) and genetic algorithm | Used to optimize the nitrogen fertilizer schedule of maize under drip irrigation |
| [39] | Grass yield management | LiDAR plant height detecting sensor integrated with an active optical NDVI sensor | Estimate of green fraction of biomass in swards comprising both senescent and green material |
| [10] | Grass yield management | Spectral reflectance signatures in combination with the ultrasonic sensor | Prediction accuracy of herbage mass from ultrasonic height measurements |
| [38] | Grass yield management | Unmanned aerial vehicle-based (UAV) | Acquisition of image data in ultrahigh spatial resolution for important phenological growth stages |
| [40] | Grass yield management | Low-cost UAV-based imaging | Prediction of forage yield |
| [41] | Grass yield management | Drone-based imaging spectrometry andphotogrammetry | Managing and monitoring of quantity and quality of grass swards used for silage production |
| [42] | Grass yield management | On-the-go pasture meter using optical sensors and GPS | Used as a stand-alone sward meter or sward-yield mapping |
| [37] | Grass yield management | Grass measurement optimization tool (GMOT) | Development of a spatially balanced and non-biased grass measurement protocol using basic pasture management and geo-spatial information |