Table 2.
Normal values of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D–STE) in clinically healthy dogs.
| Study | Subject | LS (%) | RS (%) | CS (%) | Twist (°) | Synchronicity (ms) | FS (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chetboul et al. [10] | MB n = 37 |
- | 46.7 ± 12.2 (26.1−69.2) |
- | - | R STI: 15 ± 15 (0−49) |
38.4 ± 6.0 (30.0−49.0) |
| Chetbou et al. [18] | MB n = 35 |
- | - | - | 8.4 ± 3.8 (2.5−18) |
- | 8.4 ± 3.8 (2.5−18) |
| Griffiths et al. [23] | MB n = 10 |
- | - | - | - | R STI apex: 41.8 ± 17.9 base: 36.2 ± 19.0 R TsSD apex: 17.7. ± 7.2 base: 13.8 ± 7.3 |
- |
| Hamabe et al. [25] | Beagles n = 5 |
- | 31.96 ± 7.12 | −15.44 ± 1.5 | - | R STI: 44.25 ± 17.6 C STI: 41.63 ± 12.68 |
34.7 ± 4.6 |
| Kusunose et al. [30] | Mongrels n = 25 |
−18 ± 4 | 39 ± 20 | −17 ± 4 | 8.1 ± 4.4 | - | EF: 61 ± 8 |
| Pedro et al. [34] | Great Danes n = 39 |
- | 47.18 ± 12.00 | −16.73 ± 2.58 | - | - | 27.8 ± 5.5 |
| Smith et al. [40] | MB n = 20 |
- | 43.9 ± 8.54 | −20.9 ± 3.15 | - | - | 40 ± 6.16 |
| Suzuki et al. [19] | Beagles Young (n = 17) Old (n = 15) |
−14.8 ± 3.1 (−8.9 to −21.9) −14.9 ± 4.7 (−4.3 to −23.2) |
52.4 ± 11.1 (27.7−70.0) 50.1 ± 12.3 (21.4−64.1) |
−19.4 ± 4.4 (−10.1 to −25.8) −17.6 ± 2.5 (−13.3 to −21.2) |
14.7 ± 4.6 (7.4−28.0) 13.6 ± 5.8 (3.9−25.2) |
- | 37.4 ± 7.3 (27.6−58.8) 37.6 ± 7.0 (25.4−48.7) |
| Suzuki et al. [17] | MB n = 20 |
−19 (−23 to −14) |
55 (47−60) |
−23 (−27 to −20) |
- | - | 39 (35−41) |
| Wess et al. [37] | MB n = 100 |
IVS: −16.89 ± 4.26 LVFW: −15.18 ± 5.86 |
- | - | - | - | - |
| Westrup et al. [20] | Irish wolfhounds n = 46 |
−16.2 ± 3.0 (−22.2 to −10.2) |
Apical: 45.1 ± 10.4 (24.3−65.9) Basal: 36.9 ± 14.7 (7.5−66.3) |
Apical: −24.8 ± 6.2 (−12.8 to −38.5) Basal: −15.9 ± 3.2 (−22.3 to −9.5) |
11.5 ± 5.1 (1.3−21.7) |
- | - |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviations (range). C, circumferential; CS, circumferential strain; EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; IVS, interventricular septum; LS, longitudinal strain; LVFW, left ventricular free wall; MB, mixed breed; R, radial; RS, radial strain; STI, synchrony time index; TsSD, standard deviation of time to peak systolic segmental motion.