Table 1.
Voral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHSV) virus survey results from Pacific herring C. pallasii during typical endemic periods.
| Year | Herring Stock | Collection Site | Collection Date | Gear Type | Adult/ Juvenile (A/J) |
Mean Fork Length mm (SD) | VHSV Detection by Cell Culture (No. Positive/n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Kachemak Bay | 18 June | Purse Seine | J | NA | 0% (0/32) |
| 2002 | Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Kamishak Bay | 20 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/20) |
| 2003 | Puget Sound, WA, USA | Port Orchard | 6 February | Trawl | A | 179 (19) | 0% (0/60) |
| Port Madison | 6 February | Trawl | A | 173 (19) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Skagit Bay | 12 February | Trawl | A | 161 (10) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Susan | 12 February | Trawl | A | 171 (14) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Gamble Bay | 25 February | Trawl | J | 122 (24) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| 2004 | Puget Sound, WA, USA | Cherry Point | 4 May | Trawl | A | 221 (16) | 1.7% (1/60) |
| N. Hecate Strait, AK, USA | Behm Canal | 11 April | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/20) | |
| Frederick Sound, AK, USA | Hidden Falls | 9 April | Cast Net | J | NA | 0% (0/15) | |
| 2005 | Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Dry Bay | 16 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/53) |
| 2006 | Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Nordyke Bay | 18 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/60) |
| Oil Bay | 21 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Iniskin Bay | 22 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/60) | ||
| 2007 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | St. Matthews Bay | 5 April | Cast Net | A | 224 (17) | 0% (0/60) |
| Simpson Bay | 19 April | Purse Seine | J | 86 (6.3) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Sawmill Bay | 30 November | Purse Seine | A | 215 (21) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 2 December | Purse Seine | A | 187 (13) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Cannon Island | 9 April | Cast Net | A | 215 (18) | 0% (0/60) | |
| Kodiak, AK, USA | Uganik Bay | 18 February | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/30) | |
| Uyak Bay | 21 February | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/35) | ||
| Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Iniskin Bay | 16 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 1.7% (1/60) | |
| Amakdedulia Cove | 27 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 1.7% (1/60) | ||
| Ursus Cove | 27 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/60) | ||
| 2008 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA |
Unknown | 17 March | Purse Seine | J | 141 (11) | 0% (0/60) |
| Fish Bay | 19 March | Purse Seine | A | 236 (27) | 0% (0/45) | ||
| Evans Point | 24 March | Purse Seine | A | 208 (18) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Whale Bay | 24 March | Purse Seine | J | 149 (22) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| St. Matthews Bay | 8 April | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/32) | ||
| Port Gravina | 8–12 November | Purse Seine/Jig | A | 197 (23) | 0% (0/80) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | N. Middle Island | 26 March | Purse Seine | A | 249 (14) | 0% (0/60) | |
| 2009 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Port Gravina | 20 March | Purse Seine | A | 199 (15) | 0% (0/60) |
| Port Gravina | 20 March | Purse Seine | A | 168 (11) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 22 March | Purse Seine | J | 94 (8) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Eaglek Bay | 14 November | Gill Net | J | 98 (4) | 0% (0/29) | ||
| Port Gravina | 15 November | Purse Seine | A | 179 (17) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Lwr. Herring Bay | 16 November | Gill Net and Trawl | J | 99 (4.0) | 0% (0/14) | ||
| Elrington Pass | 17 November | Purse Seine | A | 216 (19) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 19 November | Purse Seine | J | 87 (14) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 19 November | Cast Net | J | 70 (12) | 0% (0/33) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Unknown | 24 March | Purse Seine | A | 270 (19) | 0% (0/44) | |
| St. John Babtist Bay | 26 March | Purse Seine | A | 248 (23) | 0% (0/67) | ||
| Unknown | 27 March | Purse Seine | J | 175 (7) | 0% (0/68) | ||
| Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Chenik Bay | 8 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/60) | |
| Rocky Cove | 21 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/59) | ||
| 2010 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Port Gravina | 16 March | Purse Seine | A | 213 (14) | 0% (0/60) |
| Port Fidalgo | 19 March | Purse Seine | A | 200 (15) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 20 March | Purse Seine | J | 109 (23) | 2–5% A | ||
| Cordova Harbor | 2–13 June | Cast Net | J | 85 (11) | 0% (0/49) | ||
| Cordova Harbor | 18 August | Cast Net | J | 35 (6.8) | 0% (0/54) | ||
| Cordova Harbor | 28 September– 7 October |
Cast Net | J | 50 (5.7) | 0% (0/22) | ||
| Whale Bay | 10–11 November | Gill Net | J | 95 (33) | 1.7% (1/60) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Indian River | 22 March | Purse Seine | A | 242 (22) | 0% (0/60) | |
| Kruzof Island | 24 March | Purse Seine | A | 241 (25) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| 2011 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Lower Herring Bay | 11 March | Cast Net | J | 95 (3.9) | 3.3% (2/60) |
| Eaglek Bay | 15 March | Cast Net | J | 113 (22) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Fidalgo | 16 March | Cast Net | J | 76 (5.7) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| St. Matthew’s Bay | 2 April | Jig | A | 246 (19) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Gravina | 4 April | Cast Net | A | 219 (20) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Fidalgo | 6 April | Purse Seine | A | 253 (12) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 13 October | Cast Net | J | 52 (3.0) | 0% (0/43) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 15 November | Cast Net | J | 60 (6.1) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Whale Bay | 20 November | Cast Net | J | 83 (6.4) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Gravina | 21 November | Purse Seine | A | 205 (19) | 0% (0/30) | ||
| Port Gravina | 22 November | Purse Seine | A | 157 (11) | 0% (0/30) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 13 December | Cast Net | J | 60 (5.0) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Long Island | 22 March | Purse Seine | A | 232 (16) | 0% (0/60) | |
| Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Bruin Bay | 4 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/60) | |
| Rocky Cove | 13 May | Purse Seine | A | 224 (60) B | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Bristol Bay, AK, USA | Togiak Bay | 9 May | Purse Seine | A | NA | 0% (0/60) | |
| 2012 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Simpson Bay | 11 January | Cast Net | J | 57 (2.8) | 0% (0/60) |
| Glacier Island Pass | 8 February | Dip Net | A | 240 (13) | 0% (0/15) | ||
| Eaglek Bay | 21 March | Gill Net | J | 99 (3.2) | 0% (0/30) | ||
| Port Gravina | 28 March | Purse Seine | A | 218 (16) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Gravina | 31 March | Purse Seine | A | 216 (16) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Fidalgo Bay | 2 April | Purse Seine | A | 231 (20) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 20 April | Cast Net | J | 78 (16) | 0% (0/30) | ||
| Port Gravina | 9 November | Cast Net | J | 63 (5.5) | 0% (0/30) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 9 November | Cast Net | J | 72 (9.0) | 0% (0/30) | ||
| Zaikoff Bay | 13 November | Cast Net | J | 72 (4.4) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Lower Herring Bay | 15 November | Cast Net | J | 90 (4.3) | 0% (0/30) | ||
| Port Gravina | 15 November | Purse Seine | A | 159 (14) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | N. Kasiana Isl. | 3 April | Cast Net | A | 233 (22) | 0% (0/60) | |
| St. John Bay | 4 April | Purse Seine | A | 214 (24) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Sitka Harbor | 4 April | Cast Net | A | 225 (22) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Bruin Bay | 7 May | Purse Seine | A | 254 (10) B | 0% (0/60) | |
| 2013 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Port Gravina | 27 March | Purse Seine | J | 147 (16) | 0% (0/60) |
| Port Gravina | 31 March | Purse Seine | A | 232 (20) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Gravina | 1 April | Purse Seine | A | 225 (23) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Lower Herring Bay | 9 November | Trawl, Cast Net | J | 93 (9.7) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Gravina | 13 November | Cast Net | J | 90 (6.0) | 0% (0/40) | ||
| Cordova Harbor | 20 November | Cast Net | J | 70 (7.5) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Apple Islands | 29 March | Cast Net | A | 246 (28) | 0% (0/60) | |
| Silver Bay | 30 March | Cast Net | A | 251 (16) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Unknown | 30 March | Cast Net | A | 226 (26) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Kodiak, AK, USA | Kiliuda Bay | 24 April | Purse Seine | A | 282 (60) B | 9.1% (1/11) | |
| Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Akumwarvik Bay | 20 May | Purse Seine | A | 219 (60) B | 0% (0/60) | |
| 2014 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Sheep Bay | 26 March | Purse Seine | A | 216 (14) | 1.7% (1/60) |
| Port Fidalgo | 28 March | Purse Seine | A | 228 (15) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Gravina | 29 March | Purse Seine | A | 242 (14) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 15–23 November | Trawl | J | 78 (12) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Gravina | 16 November | Trawl | J | 70 (5.1) | 0% (0/61) | ||
| Eaglek Bay | 19 November | Trawl | J | 96 (4.3) | 0% (0/61) | ||
| Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Kamishak Bay | 30 April | Unknown | A | NA | 0% (0/60) | |
| Kamishak Bay | 13 May | Unknown | A | NA | 0% (0/59) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Sitka Harbor | 26 March | Cast Net | A | 245 (25) | 0% (0/60) | |
| Middle Island | 27 March | Cast Net | A | 241 (30) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Inner Point | 28 March | Purse Seine | A | 222 (20) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| 2015 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Port Gravina | 3 April | Cast Net | A | 228 (17) | 0% (0/60) |
| Simpson Bay | 6 November | Trawl | J | 82 (11) B | 0% (0/46) | ||
| Lower Herring Bay | 11 November | Gill Net | J | 85 (5.0) | 0% (054) | ||
| Whale Bay | 12 November | Trawl | J | 89 (7.2) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Cook Inlet, AK, USA | Chenik Bay | 27 April | Purse Seine | A | 239 (10) B | 0% (0/60) | |
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Bieli Rock | 20 March | Purse Seine | A | 239 (26) | 0% (0/60) | |
| Bieli Rock | 22 March | Purse Seine | A | 250 (22) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Bieli Rock | 22 March | Purse Seine | A | 231 (24) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Ketchican, AK, USA | Craig | 17 December | Purse Seine | A | 193 (18) | 0% (0/76) | |
| 2016 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Red Head Point | 7 April | Jig | A | 205 (17) | 0% (0/60) |
| Knowles Head | 8 April | Cast Net | A | 223 (24) | 0% (0/120) | ||
| Simpson Bay | 29 October | Trawl | J | 82 (3.5) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Eaglek Bay | 30 October | Trawl | J | 95 (4.6) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Lower Herring Bay | 2 November | Trawl | J | 96 (4.4) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | S. Salsbury Sound | 21 March | Purse Seine | A | 218 (22) | 0% (0/60) | |
| North Crest | 22 March | Purse Seine | A | 215 (13) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Point Brown | 22 March | Cast Net | A | 217 (24) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| 2017 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA |
Port Gravina | 7 April | Purse Seine | A | 195 (14) | 0% (0/60) |
| Rocky Bay | 10 April | Purse Seine | J | 140 (46) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Port Fidalgo | 10 April | Purse Seine | A | 191 (14) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Unknown | 24 March | Cast Net | A | 221 (14) | 0% (0/60) | |
| S. Magoun Island | 25 March | Cast Net | A | 225 (15) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Unknown | 25 March | Cast Net | A | 225 (16) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| 2018 | Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Port Fidalgo | 10–11 April | Purse Seine | J | 152 (36) | 0% (0/60) |
| Cedar Bay | 12 April | Purse Seine | A | 201 (15) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Rocky Bay | 13 April | Purse Seine | A | 204 (16) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Guide Island | 22 March | Cast Net | A | 221 (15) | 0% (0/56) | |
| Unknown | 23 March | Cast Net | A | 215 (16) | 0% (0/49) | ||
| Kruzof Island | 23 March | Cast Net | A | 224 (23) | 0% (0/72) | ||
| 2019 | Puget Sound, WA, USA | Oak Bay | 29 August | Dip Net | J | 103 (3.7) | 0% (0/60) |
| Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Double Bay | 5 April | Purse Seine | A | 176 (14) | 0% (0/60) | |
| Canoe Pass | 6 April | Purse Seine | A | 157 (29) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Windy Bay | 6 April | Purse Seine | A | 179 (13) | 0% (0/59) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Krestof Isl. | 25 March | Cast Net | A | 205 (18) | 0% (0/60) | |
| Krestof Isl. | 26 March | Cast Net | A | 197 (17) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Whitestone Narrows | 27 March | Cast Net | A | 204 (18) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| 2020 | Puget Sound | Eagle Harbor | 26 August | Cast Net | J | 69 (3.4) | 0% (0/60) |
| Prince William Sound, AK, USA | Canoe Pass | 8 April | Purse Seine | A | 213 (13) | 0% (0/130) | |
| Double Bay | 10 April | Purse Seine | A | 220 (26) | 0% (0/59) | ||
| Sitka Sound, AK, USA | Kruzof | 31 March | Cast Net | A | 215 (14) | 0% (0/60) | |
| Low Island | 1 April | Cast Net | A | 215 (14) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Silver Bay | 2 April | Cast Net | A | 204 (10) | 0% (0/60) | ||
| Kodiak, AK, USA | Uganik Bay | 21 April | Purse Seine | A | 199 (10) B | 0% (0/60) | |
“NA” indicates data “Not Available.” A A single sample containing pooled tissues from 3 Pacific herring C. pallasii tested positive (n = 60) for VHSV after blind passage. Therefore, the prevalence was 1–3/60. B Fish lengths were recorded as standard length, rather than fork length.