Figure 2.

MALDI-TOF MS approaches for AMR detection. Four mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (in yellow), i.e., membrane impermeability by loss or modification of the outer membrane porin, overproduction of the drug efflux pumping out system, antimicrobial drug modification by the drug-inactivating enzyme, and modification of the drug target, and the location of the genes for AMR (in lime), i.e., integrated in chromosome and located in plasmid, are presented with the relevant approach for AMR diagnostics using the MALDI-TOF MS.