Table 1.
Top 20 antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbiota.
| ARO Name | Drug Class | Resistance Mechanism | AMR Gene Family |
|---|---|---|---|
| tetQ | tetracycline antibiotic | antibiotic target protection | tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein |
| adeF | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; tetracycline antibiotic | antibiotic efflux | Resistance–nodulation–cell division RND antibiotic efflux pump |
| ermF | macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic | antibiotic target alteration | erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase |
| ermB | macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic | antibiotic target alteration | erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase |
| tetW/N/W | tetracycline antibiotic | antibiotic target protection | tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein |
| tetW | tetracycline antibiotic | antibiotic target protection | tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein |
| sul2 | sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfone antibiotic | antibiotic target replacement | sulfonamide resistant sul |
| cfxA3 | cephamycin | antibiotic inactivation | cfxA beta-lactamase |
| aph3-Ib | aminoglycoside antibiotic | antibiotic inactivation | aph3 |
| cfxA6 | cephamycin | antibiotic inactivation | cfxA beta-lactamase |
| aac6-Ie-aph2-Ia | aminoglycoside antibiotic | antibiotic inactivation | aph2; aac6 |
| tetX | glycylcycline; tetracycline antibiotic | antibiotic inactivation | tetracycline inactivation enzyme |
| dfrF | diaminopyrimidine antibiotic | antibiotic target replacement | trimethoprim resistant dihydrofolate reductase dfr |
| ermG | macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic | antibiotic target alteration | erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase |
| mdtO | nucleoside antibiotic; acridine dye | antibiotic efflux | major facilitator superfamily MFS antibiotic efflux pump |
| ermX | macrolide antibiotic; lincosamide antibiotic; streptogramin antibiotic | antibiotic target alteration | erm 23S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase |
| efrB | macrolide antibiotic; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; rifamycin antibiotic | antibiotic efflux | ATP-binding cassette ABC antibiotic efflux pump |
| mdtP | nucleoside antibiotic; acridine dye | antibiotic efflux | major facilitator superfamily MFS antibiotic efflux pump |
| oxa-85 | cephalosporin; penam | antibiotic inactivation | oxa beta-lactamase |
| tem-1 | monobactam; cephalosporin; penam; penem | antibiotic inactivation | tem beta-lactamase |