TABLE 2.
Summary of potential gmGUS inhibitors reported since 2019.
| Inhibitor | Type | Evidence | References |
| Chang-wei-qing | Chinese herbal formula | Ex vivo fecal GUS inhibition assay | Wan et al., 2019 |
| Lycopene | Dietary bioactive compound | Ex vivo fecal, cecal, and colonic content GUS inhibition assay | Valadez-Bustos et al., 2019 |
| Bifidobacterium longum | Probiotic | ||
| Raloxifene and analogs | Drug; Synthetic compounds | High-throughput screening assay; ex vivo cecal GUS inhibition assay | Ervin et al., 2019a |
| Vancomycin | Drug | Ex vivo intestinal content GUS inhibition assay; ex vivo gmGUS-related GM detection | Whidbey et al., 2019 |
| Ex vivo fecal GUS inhibition assay; ex vivo imaging of intestinal GUS activity | Taylor et al., 2019 | ||
| Pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinoline derivative | Synthetic compounds | Cell-free/Cell-based bacteria GUS inhibition assay; in vivo intestinal GUS inhibition assay | Cheng et al., 2019 |
| Sorbus leaf extract | Natural products | Cell-free E. coli GUS inhibition assay | Kavak and Akdeniz, 2019 |
| Demethoxydaibucarboline A, quercetin, methyl-neolitacumone A, and epicatechin | Natural products from Neolitsea acuminatissima | Cell-free human GUS and E. coli GUS inhibition assay | Lin et al., 2020 |
| Cinnamic acid derivatives | Natural products | Cell-free E. coli GUS inhibition assay; molecular docking | Li et al., 2020 |
| Flavonoids | Natural products from Primula boveana leaf | HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-E. coli GUS inhibition assay system | Mahran et al., 2020 |
| Silychristin and silybin | Natural products from Silybum marianum | ||
| Thiazolidin-2-cyanamide derivatives | Synthetic compounds | Cell-free E. coli GUS inhibition assay; molecular docking | Zhou et al., 2020 |
| (7S,8S,7′R,8′R)-isoamericanol B and americanol B; moricitrins A and B | Natural sesquineolignans and natural dineolignans from noni fruits | Cell-free E. coli GUS, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase enzyme inhibition assay | Yang et al., 2020 |
| Demethylbellidifolin | Natural flavonoids | Cell-free E. coli GUS inhibition assay; molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations | Sun et al., 2020 |
| Gentisin | |||
| 70% nixtamalized corn (Zea mays L.)/30% cooked common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) snack | Snack | Ex vivo fecal GUS inhibition assay | Luzardo-Ocampo et al., 2020 |
| Jiawei Xianglian Decoction | Traditional Chinese Medicine | Ex vivo fecal GUS inhibition assay | Lu et al., 2020 |
| Quercetin diglucosides preparation | Natural products from yellow onion | Ex vivo extracellular and intracellular cecal GUS inhibition assay; ex vivo Fecal GUS inhibition assay | Grzelak-Blaszczyk et al., 2020 |
| Iminocyclitols and analogs | Synthetic compounds | R. gnavus GUS, B. fragilis GUS, C. perfringens GUS, E. coli GUS, and bovine liver GUS inhibition assay | Dashnyam et al., 2020 |
| N-desmethylclozapine, Aspartame, and Gemifloxacin | Drug | Cell-free/Cell-based E. coli/bovine GUS inhibition assay; molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations | Chen et al., 2020 |
| VSL#3® | Probiotic | Ex vivo fecal GUS inhibition assay | dos Santos Cruz et al., 2020 |
| VSL#3® and yacon diet | Synbiotic | ||
| Flavonoids | Natural products from Mulberry bark | Cell-free E. coli GUS inhibition assay; molecular docking | Bai et al., 2021 |
| Hypochlorite and peracetic acid | Chemical compounds | Cell-free H. pomatia GUS inhibition assay | Zhong et al., 2021 |
| Apple pectins | Enzymatically isolated from dried apple pomace | Cell-free endogenous E. coli GUS inhibition assay | Palko-Łabuz et al., 2021 |
| PectaSol-C | Commercially available modified Citrus pectin | ||
| Amentoflavone | Natural product from Selaginella tamariscina | Cell-free/Cell-based E. coli GUS inhibition assay; molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations | Tian et al., 2021 |
| Uronic isofagomine derivatives | Synthetic compounds | Cell-free human GUS, E. coli GUS, B. dentium GUS, C. perfringens GUS, and L. gasseri GUS inhibition assay; cell-based E. coli GUS inhibition assay; in vivo intestinal GUS inhibition assay | Lin et al., 2021 |
| Cricket powder | Natural food additive | Ex vivo intestinal contents GUS inhibition assay | Kowalczewski et al., 2021 |
| Isoprenylated chromane derivatives | Natural products from coculture of Pestalotiopsis sp. and Penicillium bialowiezense | Cell-free bacterial GUS inhibition assay | Li et al., 2021 |
| Melittin and cecropin A | Natural antimicrobial peptides from insect | Ex vivo total, extracellular, and intracellular fecal GUS inhibition assay | Juśkiewicz et al., 2021 |
| Lactoferrin | Natural antimicrobial protein |