Table 2.

Anti-cancer effects of UA.

	Pathway	Cancer Type	References
Induction of apoptosis	FoxM1 ↓	breast cancer cells	[97]
	Caspase ↑	melanoma cell	[98]
		endometrial cancer cell	[99]
		prostate cancer cells	[100]
		non-small cell lung cancer	[101]
		gastric cancer cell	[102].
		colon cancer cells	[103]
		bladder cancer cells	[104]
	Trail-mediated	prostate cancer cells	[105]
	COX-2 ↓	colon cancer cells	[103,106]
		gastric cancer cell	[107]
	NF-κB ↓	bladder cancer cells	[104]
		pancreatic cancer cells	[108].
		prostate cancer cells	[109]
		hepatocellular carcinoma cells	[110]
	JNK ↑	colon cancer cells	[111]
		pancreatic cancer cells	[108]
		prostate cancer cells	[112]
Inhibition of cell proliferation	MAPK ↓	endometrial cancer	[113]
		colon cancer cells	[103,114]
	STAT3 ↓	prostate cancer cells	[109]
		multiple myeloma cells	[95]
		colorectal cancer cells	[115,116]
	p53 and p21WAF1 ↑	non-small cell lung cancer	[117]
Inhibition of metastasis	HIF-1α ↓	neuroblastoma cells	[118]
	VEGF ↓	lung cancer cells	[119]
		colorectal cancer cells	[120]
		liver cancer cells	[93]
		neuroblastoma cells	[118]
	MMP-9 ↓	glioma cells	[94]
		liver cancer cells	[93]
		lung cancer cells	[119]
	ICAM-1 ↓	liver cancer cells	[93]
		lung cancer cells	[119]