Table 3.
Effects of natural UA analogues.
| Analog | Dose | Delivery | Model | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asiatic acid | 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µM | cell culture AA treatment | Breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 | Cell growth inhibition by inducing cancer cells to undergo S-G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis | [130] |
| Asiatic acid | 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 µM | cell culture AA treatment | SK-MEL-2 human melanoma cell line | ↓ cell viability, induced apoptosis in SK-MEL-2 cells, ↑ ROS, enhanced Bax expression, and induced caspase-3 activity | [131] |
| Asiatic acid | 10, 20, 30, 40, 70 and 100 µM | cell culture AA treatment | HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell line | ↓ cell viability, induced apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatoma cells, ↑ intracellular Ca2+ level and p53 expression | [132] |
| Asiatic acid | 10 or 20 mg/kg/day | oral gavage | C57BL/6 mice | ↑ insulin sensitivity, protected mice from hepatosteatosis, ↓ ROS production, hepatic lipid accumulation, and IL-13B secretion with high AA dose | [133] |
| Asiatic acid | 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg BW | oral | STZ-diabetic mice | Reversed STZ-induced diabetes, potentially regulates CHO metabolism by modulating diabetic-regulatory enzymes | [134] |
| Asiatic acid | 10 or 20 mg/kg/day | intragastrically | Sprague-Dawley rats | Improved HCHF diet-induced insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, hemodynamic parameters, oxidative stress markers, plasma TNF-α, NOx, and recovered abnormality of eNOS/iNOS expressions | [135] |
| Corosolic acid | 0.072% | HFD | SHR-cp rats | ↓ blood pressure, serum FFAs, oxidative stress markers, myeloperoxidase markers, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein | [136] |
| Corosolic acid | 20–100 µM | Syringe pump infused | Wistar rats | Inhibited gluconeogenesis in liver by ↑ Fru-2,6-BP, ↓ cAMP levels, inhibiting PKA activity and ↑ glycolysis | [137] |
| Corosolic acid | 10 mg/kg BW | oral | KK-Ay mice | Hypoglycemic effect derived from ↑ GLUT4 translocation in muscle | [138] |
| Corosolic acid | 250 and 500 nM | cell culture CA treatment | CHO/hIR and L6 myoblast cells | Enhanced glucose uptake by ↑ GLUT4 translocation mediated by insulin pathway activation, inhibited PTP1B, T-cell-PTP, src phosphatase 1 and 2 activity | [139] |
| 23-Hydroxy Ursolic Acid | 0.05% | HFD | LDLR-KO mice | ↓ atherosclerotic plaque size and weight gain, more potent than ursolic acid | [19] |
| 23-Hydroxy Ursolic Acid | 0.2% | HFD | C57BL/6 mice | ↑ glucose tolerance, ↓ weight gain, hyperleptinemia, macrophage recruitment, and adipose tissue inflammation | [140] |