Table 2.
Characteristic phenolic acids and flavonoids of Agastache foeniculum, Artemisia absinthium, Evernia prunastri, Humulus lupulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, Vaccinium myrtillus extracts and sunflower honey (expressed as µg/g dry weight).
| Identified Compound | Agastache foeniculum | Artemisia | Evernia prunastri | Humulus lupulus | Laurus nobilis | Origanum vulgare | Vaccinium myrtillus | Sunflower Honey |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorogenic acid | 49.88 ± 2.37 b* | n.d.** | 1.44 ± 0.07 c* | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 312.18 ± 15.24 a* | 2.95 ± 0.15 c* |
| Syringic acid | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 120.68 ± 5.80 a* | n.d.** | 76.68 ± 3.88 b* | n.d.** |
| Ferulic acid | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 118.50 ± 5.78 a* | 0.80 ± 0.04 b* |
| Isoquercitrin | 283.22 ± 14.37 c* | 58.53 ± 2.98 e* | n.d.** | 298.87 ± 15.47 c* | 577.15 ± 29.53 a* | 347.90 ± 16.83 b* | 149.59 ± 7.20 d* | n.d.** |
| Quercetin | 117.69 ± 6.603 c* | 389.73 ± 19.48 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** | 419.32 ± 21.19 a* | n.d.** | 159.10 ± 8.03 b* | 5.99 ± 0.29 d* |
| Miricetin | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 10.21 ± 0.51 a* | 1.03 ± 0.05 b* |
| Naringenin | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 0.08 ± 0.00 a* | n.d.** |
| Kaempferol | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 7.46 ± 0.38 b* | n.d.** | 0.28 ± 0.01 c* | 17.80 ± 0.90 a* |
| Vanilic acid | n.d.** | n.d.** | 1.91 ± 0.09 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| Vanillin | 40.96 ± 1.94 a* | n.d.** | 6.41 ± 0.01 b* | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| Rosmarinic acid | n.d.** | n.d.** | 9.45 ± 0.45 b* | n.d.** | n.d.** | 633.85 ± 32.99 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| Crisin | n.d.** | n.d.** | 70.94 ± 3.6 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| o-Cumaric acid | n.d.** | n.d.** | 4.48 ± 0.22 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 1.46 ± 0.07 b* |
| Acacetin | 52.83 ± 2.61 a* | n.d.** | 7.55 ± 0.36 b* | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| Gallic acid | 38.86 ± 1.85 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 0.63 ± 0.03 b* |
| Caffeic acid | 20.34 ± 1.00 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 2.71 ± 0.13 b* |
| p-OH Cinnamic acid | 9.01 ± 0.45 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| Apigenin | 17.38 ± 0.88 b* n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 93.55 ± 4.72 a* | n.d.** | 0.93 ± 0.04 c* |
| Rutin | n.d.** | 115.71 ± 5.7 c* | n.d.** | 523.25 ± 26.89 b* | 869.21 ± 30.22 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** | 1.24 ± 0.06 d* |
| Epicatechina | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 501.29 ± 24.40 a* | 142.82 ± 7.16 b* n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| Vitexin 2-o-ramnoside | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 470.45 ± 23.25 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| Sinapic acid | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 446.86 ± 21.96 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| Resveratrol | 128.59 ± 6.72 c | n.d.** | n.d.** | n.d.** | 139.2 ± 6.90 c | 75.19 ± 3.63 a* | n.d.** | n.d.** |
| Total phenolic acids | 512.08 ± 25.18 d | 28.77 ± 1.39 d | 33.94 ± 1.64 d | 95.48 ± 4.70 c | 2015.96 ± 97.01 a | 1095.03 ± 52.96 a | 512.02 ± 24.59 b | 2.71 ± 0.14 d |
| Total flavonoids | 563.97 ± 29.08 d | 84.90 ± 4.26 f | 1323.41 ± 68.86 b | 987.09 ± 48.27 c | 319.26 ± 16.50 e | 26.99 ± 1.37 f |
* The values are mean of three samples (n = 3), analysed individually in triplicates. Different letters within a row denote significant differences (p < 0.05); for example, 3,4 dihydroxybenzoic identified in a Humulus lupulus extract, b Artemisia absinthium extract, c Agastache foeniculum and d Evernia prunastri extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); p-OH-benzoic acid identified in a Humulus lupulus extract, b Laurus nobilis extract, c Origanum vulgare extract, d Artemisia absinthium and Evernia prunastri extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); Chlorogenic acid identified in a Vaccinium myrtillus extract, b Agastache foeniculum extract, c Evernia prunastri extract and sunflower honey is different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); Syringic acid identified in a Laurus nobilis and b Vaccinium myrtillus extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); Ferulic acid identified in a Vaccinium myrtillus extract and sunflower honey is different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); Isoquercitrin identified in a Laurus nobilis extract, b Origanum vulgare extract, c Agastache foeniculum and Humulus lupulus extract, d Vaccinium myrtillus extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); Quercetin identified in a Artemisia absinthium and Laurus nobilis extract, b Vaccinium myrtillus extract, c Agastache foeniculum extract and d sunflower honey is different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); Miricetin identified in a Vaccinium myrtillus extract and b sunflower honey is different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); Naringenin identified in a Vaccinium myrtillus extract is different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); Kaempferol identified in a sunflower honey, b Laurus nobilis extract, c Vaccinium myrtillus extract is different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); Vanilic acid identified in a Evernia prunastri extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); Vanillin identified in a Agastache foeniculum and b Evernia prunastri extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); Rosmarinic acid identified in a Origanum vulgare and b Evernia prunastri extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); Crisin identified in a Evernia prunastri extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); o-Cumaric acid identified in a Evernia prunastri extract and b sunflower honey is different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); Acacetin identified in a Agastache foeniculum and b Evernia prunastri extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); Gallic acid and Caffeic acid identified in a Agastache foeniculum extract and b sunflower honey are different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); p-OH Cinnamic acid identified in a Agastache foeniculum extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); Apigenin identified in a Origanum vulgare extract, b Agastache foeniculum extract and c sunflower honey is different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); Rutin identified in a Laurus nobilis extract, b Humulus lupulus extract, c Artemisia absinthium extract and d sunflower honey is different from the others extracts (p < 0.05); Epicatechina identified in a Humulus lupulus extract and b Laurus nobilis extract is different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); Vitexin 2-O-ramnoside, Sinapic acid and Resveratrol identified in a Origanum vulgare extract are different from the others extracts or sunflower honey (p < 0.05); (Results were analysed using the SPSS programme) ** n.d. –not detectable.