Table 2.
In vitro and in vivo studies on PAC-mediated glucose-lowering effect.
| Glucose-Lowering/Anti-Diabetic Studies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | PACs Type or Source | Plasma Parameters | Model | |
| Han et al., 2018 | [185] | procyanidin B2 | GLU | Mice |
| Yokozawa et al., 2012 | [186] | PACs | GLU, GP, BUN | Rats |
| Hollands et al., 2018 | [187] | EC and oligomeric PAC from apple | GLU, INS, fructosamine, TG, TC, HDL, LDL | Human |
| El-Alfy et al., 2005 | [188] | grape seed | GLU, INS | Rats |
| Ding et al., 2013 | [189] | grape seed | GLU, INS | Rats |
| Li et al., 2020 | [190] | grape seed | GLU, BUN, DAO | Piglets |
| Pinent et al., 2004 | [191] | GSPE | GLU, INS | Rats |
| Castell-Auvì et al., 2012 | [192] | GSPE | INS | Rats |
| Bao et al., 2014 | [193] | GSPE | GLU, albumin | Rats |
| Li et al., 2015 | [194] | GSPE | GLU, INS, HbA1c | Rats |
| Chen et al., 2015 | [195] | GSPE | GLU | Rats |
| Zhang et al., 2016 | [196] | GSPE | GLU, INS, TG, TC | Rats |
| Sanna et al., 2019 | [197] | GSPE | GLU, INS | Rats |
| Ding et al., 2020 | [198] | GSPE | GLU, creatinine, BUN, uric acid, urinary albumin, renal MDA | Rats |
| Desideri et al., 2012 | [179] | cocoa | GLU, INS, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL, HDL, HDL | Human |
| Mellor et al., 2013 | [199] | chocolate | GLU, INS, HbA1c, CRP, TC, TG, LDL, HDL | Human |
| Yamashita et al., 2019 | [200] | cacao liquor | GLU, INS, GLP-1 | Mice |
| Tomaru et al., 2007 | [201] | cacao liquor | GLU, fructosamine | Mice |
| Yamashita et al., 2012 | [202] | cacao liquor | GLU, INS | Mice |
| Rodríguez-Daza et al., 2020 | [203] | blueberry | GLU, INS | Mice |
| Ntemiri et al., 2020 | [204] | blueberry | GLU, CRP, FRAP | Human |
| Liu et al., 2020 | [205] | white bayberry | GLU, INS, leptin, glucagon, TG, TC, LDL, ALT | Mice |
| Castro-Acosta et al., 2017 | [206] | apple and blackcurrant | GLU, INS, CRP, GIP | Human |
| Kanamoto et al., 2011 | [207] | black soybean seed | GLU, INS, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, leptin, adiponectin, NEFA | Mice |
| Lee et al., 2008 | [208] | persimmon peel | GLU, GP, TC, TG, NEFA, OS biomarkers | Mice |
| Lin et al., 2018 | [209] | cinnamon twig | GLU, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, ALT, adiponectin, leptin | Rats |
| Hsu et al., 2020 | [210] | C. obtusa var. formosana leaf | GLU, INS, leptin, AST, ALT, TG, TC, HDL, LDL, amylase, lipase | Rats |
| Macho-Gonzàlez et al., 2020 | [211] | carob fruit extract | GLU, INS, HOMA-β index | Rats |
| Anunciação et al., 2018 | [212] | extruded sorghum | GLU | Human |
| Wang et al., 2020 | [213] | C. osmophloeum and T. camphoratus | GLU, TC, BUN, creatinine | Mice |
| Bang et al., 2014 | [214] | Enzogenol | GLU, INS, HbA1c, glucagon | Mice |