Table 5.

In vivo studies reporting the anti-inflammatory activity of PACs.

Extracts	Dose	Pro-Inflammatory Inductors	Results	Ref.
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract	5, 25, or 50 mg/kg body weight	Cafeteria diet	↓ IL-1β, ↓ iNOS, ↓ MPO activity, ↓ ROS, ↑ ZO-1	[354]
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract	75 or 375 mg/kg body weight	LPS	↓ COX-2 activity, ↓MPO activity, ↓ ROS, ↓ Plasma OVA	[355]
Pyracantha fortuneana fruit extract	0.4 or 1 g/100 g of dry feed weight	High-fat diet	↑ Occludin, ↑ ZO-1	[353]
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract	0.1 g/100 mL of drinking water	(Colitis in IL-10 deficient rats)	↓ TNF-α, ↓ IFN-γ, ↑ iNOS	[356]
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract	300 mg/kg body weight	High-fat diet	↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-6, ↓ MCP-1	[310]
Procyanidin B2	10, 20, or 40 mg/Kg	DSS	↓ MMP9, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6	[360]
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	TNBS	↓ NF-Κb, ↓ pIκBα, ↓ IκK	[359]
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract	25 and 50 mg/kg	Cafeteria diet	↓ TNF-α, ↓ IL-6, ↓ NF-Κb, ↓ Emr1, ↓ CPR	[358]
Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	TNBS	↑ GSH-Px, ↑SOD, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ p-IKKα/β, ↓ NF-κb	[361]

↑ increase; ↓ decrease.