Table 3.
Blueberries gut modulatory and prebiotic effects in T2DM or metabolic syndrome animal models.
| Animal Model | Source/Dose | Duration | Main Outcomes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice | BB polyphenol extract (200 mg/kg) | 12 weeks | ↓ Prevotella and Clostridium ↓ Lactobacillus spp. and Coprobacillus ↑ Proteobacteria and Helicobacter ↑ Bifidobacterium |
[34] |
| HFHS diet-fed male C57BL/6J mice | BB polyphenol extract (200 mg/kg) | 8 weeks | ↑ Glucose tolerance ↑ Colonic mucus thickness ↑ Ruminococcaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae ↓ Bacteroidetes phylum = Akkermansia muciniphila ↑ Adlercreutzia equolifaciens |
[162] |
| BB oligomeric proanthocyanidins fraction (53 mg/kg) | 8 weeks | ↑ Glucose tolerance ↑ Colonic mucus thickness ↑ Akkermansia muciniphila ↑ Adlercreutzia equolifaciens ↓ Ruminococcaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae |
||
| HFD-fed male C57BL/6J mice and diabetic male C57BL/KsJ db/db mice | BB phenolic extract (5 g/L in drinking water) | 14 weeks | ↓ BW gain and adiposity ↑ Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity ↓ Plasma LPS, IL-6, TNF-α contents ↓ Hepatic steatosis ↓ Plasmatic and hepatic TGs ↓ Serum LDH, ALT and AST ↑ Intestinal MUC-2 levels ↑ Intestinal occludin and ZO-1 mRNA expression ↓ Intestinal and hepatic inflammation (TLR4, IL-6, TNF-α) ↑ Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia ↓ Desulfovibrio and Bilophila genera ↓ Plasma BA pool size ↑ mRNA and protein expression of FXR and TGR5 ↓ mRNA expression levels of SREBP-1c and ChREBP and downstream genes |
[33] |
| HFD-fed male Sprague Dawley rats | Dietary fiber from BB (7% of diet) | 8 weeks | ↓ BW gain ↓ Serum T-Chol levels ↓ Hepatic steratosis ↓ Hepatic mRNA expression of SCD1 = Hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and β-oxidation ↑ mRNA expression of Ucp-1 ↑ Fecal and serum total SCFAs ↑ Butyrate-producing bacteria ↑ Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria ↓ Firmicutes and ↑ Bacteroidetes = Bifidobacterium |
[163] |
| HFHS diet-fed male C57BL/6 mice | Freeze dried BB powder (4% of diet, 160 mg/day) | 12 weeks | = BW and liver weight = HOMA-IR = Glucose homeostasis = Hepatic TGs, T-Chol = Plasma ALT and AST ↓ Fecal BCFA isobutyric and isovaleric acid ↓ Ruminococcus, Lachnospiraceae and Blautia |
[152] |
| BB proanthocyanidin extract (1 mg/day) | 12 weeks | ↓ BW and epididymal adipose tissue weight ↓ Plasma insulin and C-peptide levels ↓ HOMA-IR ↑ Insulin sensitivity = Hepatic TGs, T-Chol = Plasma ALT and AST ↓ BCFA isobutyric and isovaleric acid ↑ Muribaculum inestinale abundance ↑ Oxidative phosphorylation pathway ↑ Homeostasis and insulin sensitivity after transferred by FMT |
||
| HFD-fed Wistar rats | Freeze-dried BB powder (10% of diet | 8 weeks | = BW ↑ Insulin sensitivity ↓ Serum LBP levels ↓ Hepatic p-IRS1 to IRS1 ratio ↓ Hepatic MDA concentration ↑ Ileal mRNA expression of Muc-2 ↓ Ileal mRNA expression of TNF-α ↑ Goblet cell number per crypt ↑ Gammaproteobacteria (Actinobacillus and Aggregatibacter) ↑ Lactobaccilus ↓ Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes ↑ Serum SCFAs (acetate and propionate) ↑ Ileal mRNA expression of GLP-1 |
[127] |
| HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice | Fermented BB juice and fresh BB juice | 17 weeks | ↑ Cecum SCFAs (acetate and valerate) ↑ Bacteroidetes (Barnesiella) ↓ Firmicutes ↑ Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus ↓ Obese-type gut microbiota (Oscillibacter and Alistipes) |
[156] |
BA, bile acids; BCFA, branched chain fatty acids; FMT, fecal microbiota transplant; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; HFD, high-fat diet; HFHS, high-fat high sucrose; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1; LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; Muc-2, mucin 2; SCFAs, short chain fatty acids; TGR5, G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; Ucp-1, uncoupling protein-1; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1; ↑, increased; ↓, decreased; =, unchanged.