Table 4.
Quantification of phenolic compounds in the fresh, oven-dried, and freeze-dried extracts of S. ramosissima.
| Peak | Quantified Compounds ab | Fresh (µg/g fw) |
Fresh (µg/g dw)c |
Oven-Dried (µg/g dw) |
Freeze-Dried (µg/g dw) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | quinic acid *** | 9.33 ± 2.54 | 79.11 ± 21.52 B | 117.4 ± 1.28 aA | 58.67 ± 1.51 bB |
| 4 | neochlorogenic acid * | 18.03 ± 4.40 | 152.80 ± 37.27 A | 136.12 ± 2.51 aA | 106.81 ± 3.06 bA |
| 5 | protocatechuic-arabinoside acid * | 3.00 ± 0.10 | 25.43 ± 0.87 | - | - |
| 6 | gallocatechin ** | 5.25 ± 0.78 | 44.54 ± 6.58 a | - | 25.52 ± 0.44 b |
| 7 | salicylic acid derivative * | 2.54 ± 0.01 | 21.53 ± 0.08 a | 13.74 ± 0.30 b | - |
| 8 | hydrocaffeoylquinic acid * | - | - | - | 12.82 ± 0.04 |
| 9 | p-coumaric acid * | 2.75 ± 0.04 | 23.33 ± 0.37 a | - | 19.00 ± 0.26 a |
| 10 | chlorogenic acid * | 53.19 ± 13.59 | 450.76 ± 115.17 A | 318.74 ± 11.11 bA | 421.91 ± 13.08 aA |
| 11 | ferulic acid * | 4.21 ± 0.40 | 35.72 ± 3.38 A | 24.01 ± 0.13 bB | 26.58 ± 0.39 aB |
| 12 | ferulic-glucoside acid * | 5.98 ± 0.40 | 50.69 ± 3.36 A | 21.23 ± 9.35 aB | 46.92 ± 2.15 aA |
| 13 | dihydroquercetin ** | 2.86 ± 0.08 | 24.21 ± 0.65 A | 18.58 ± 1.62 aB | 14.52 ± 0.13 aB |
| 14 | p-coumaroylquinic acid (isomer 1) * | 2.72 ± 0.09 | 2.08 ± 0.74 A | 15.48 ± 0.06 aB | 13.77 ± 0.04 bB |
| 16 | p-coumaroylquinic acid (isomer 2) * | - | - | 24.63 ± 0.74 | - |
| 18 | quercetin-rhamnosyl-hexoside ** | 7.65 ± 1.13 | 64.81 ± 9.62 A | 52.90 ± 1.34 bA | 74.49 ± 2.31 aA |
| 19 | p-coumaric acid benzyl ester derivative * | - | - | 72.51 ± 2.22 | - |
| 20 | quercetin-methyl-ether derivative (isomer 1) ** | 13.60 ± 1.09 | 115.26 ± 9.20 a | - | 35.21 ± 22.13 b |
| 21 | quercetin 3-glucoside ** | 53.53 ± 8.11 | 453.66 ± 68.76 B | 688.38 ± 16.48 aA | 636.02 ± 19.47 aA |
| 22 | caffeic acid-glucuronide-glucoside (isomer 1) * | - | - | - | 53.40 ± 1.64 |
| 23 | quercetin-malonyglucoside ** | 309.39 ± 60.74 | 2621.99 ± 514.72 B | 1578.0 ± 30.0 bB | 4202.52 ± 48.09 aA |
| 24 | 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid * | 25.83 ± 0.05 | 218.87 ± 0.40 B | 223.38 ± 9.27 bB | 434.88 ± 13.95 aA |
| 25 | 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid * | 11.75 ± 0.533 | 99.58 ± 4.52 B | 223.22 ± 9.67 aA | 213.09 ± 5.97 aA |
| 26 | caffeoyl-hydrocaffeoylquinic acid * | 9.72 ± 3.13 | 82.40 ± 26.59 B | 138.67 ± 7.37 aAB | 163.14 ± 4.64 aA |
| 27 | quercetin-methyl-ether derivative (isomer 2) ** | 13.36 ± 2.70 | 113.23 ± 22.91 A | 56.11 ± 1.43 bB | 101.18 ± 2.26 aAB |
| 28 | apigenin-6-arabinosyl-8-glucoside (isoschaftoside) ** | 3.82 ± 0.11 | 32.38 ± 0.96 | - | - |
| 29 | kaempferol derivative ** | 10.90 ± 2.09 | 92.42 ± 17.71 a | - | 62.19 ± 1.75 b |
| Total Flavonoids | 420.36 | 3562.50 | 2393.97 | 5151.65 | |
| Total Hydroxycinnamic | 139.72 | 1163.19 | 1211.73 | 1512.32 |
a Data are expressed as means values ± standard deviation (n = 2). b The lower-case letters (a and b) correspond to the significant difference by the unpaired t-test (p < 0.05). The upper-case letters (A,B) indicate the significant differences by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). c The values were converted from fresh weight to dried weight according to the moisture value. Phenolic compounds were identified with standard. (*) Chlorogenic acid and derivatives were quantified as a chlorogenic acid equivalent. (**) Quercetin-3-glucose and quercetin glycosylated derivatives were quantified as a quercetin-3-glucose equivalent. (***) Quinic acid was quantified as a gallic acid equivalent.