Fig 3. To confirm preservation of immunocompetency by 670nm, bumblebees were subjected to 4 day exposure of Imidacloprid and/or twice daily 670 nm prior to immune challenge with E.coli.

Haemolymph was collected 24h later from antenna base and used in inhibition zone assays as in the schematic. Antimicrobial impact of haemolymph was used as a metric. After E.coli challenge, the haemolymph inhibited bacterial growth. The immunocompetence of haemolymph is significantly reduced after Imidacloprid exposure and partially restored with 670nm exposure after exposure. Abbreviations: *; p < 0.05, **; p < 0.01, ns; no significance, Imid; Imidacloprid. Bumblebees, ≥ 17 bees per group.