Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of participants by sarcopenia and obesity status.
| Sarcopenic Obese (n = 39) | Sarcopenic (n = 98) | Obese (n = 177) | Normal (n = 221) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 75.59 ± 9.00 | 71.11 ± 14.63 | 56.12 ± 17.86 | 51.97 ± 17.95 | <0.01* |
| Age groups | <0.01* | ||||
| 21–39 years | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (6.1%) | 41 (23.2%) | 64 (29.0%) | |
| 40–59 years | 1 (2.6%) | 8 (8.2%) | 47 (26.6%) | 65 (29.4%) | |
| 60–74 years | 13 (33.3%) | 32 (32.7%) | 59 (33.3%) | 63 (28.5%) | |
| ≥75 years | 25 (64.1%) | 52 (53.0%) | 30 (16.9%) | 29 (13.1%) | |
| Female (n, %) | 25 (64.1%) | 52 (53.1%) | 100 (56.5%) | 131 (59.3%) | 0.61 |
| Smoker (n, %) | 2 (5.1%) | 8 (8.2%) | 20 (11.3%) | 29 (13.1%) | 0.36 |
| Education (y) | 6.79 ± 4.93 | 7.30 ± 5.18 | 9.95 ± 4.97 | 10.89 ± 4.55 | <0.01* |
| PA (MET-min/wk) | 31.69 ± 27.40 | 49.75 ± 46.98 | 75.11 ± 105.26 | 72.74 ± 73.53 | <0.01* |
| Medical history | |||||
| Diabetes | 9 (23.1%) | 27 (27.6%) | 24 (13.6%) | 20 (9.0%) | < 0.01* |
| Hypertension | 29 (74.4%) | 49 (50.0%) | 65 (36.7%) | 53 (24.0%) | < 0.01* |
| Cardiovascular disease | 4 (10.3%) | 12 (12.2%) | 7 (4.0%) | 9 (4.1%) | 0.01* |
| High cholesterol | 27 (69.2%) | 44 (44.9%) | 73 (41.2%) | 58 (26.2%) | <0.01* |
| Stroke | 1 (2.6%) | 2 (2.0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.36 |
| Depression | 2 (5.1%) | 1 (1.0%) | 4 (2.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.11 |
| Body composition | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.72 ± 1.78 | 21.48 ± 2.00 | 29.21 ± 4.43 | 22.56 ± 2.55 | <0.01* |
| FMI (kg/m2) | 10.68 ± 1.58 | 7.03 ± 1.55 | 11.42 ± 2.89 | 7.08 ± 1.72 | <0.01* |
| ALMI (kg/m2) | 5.45 ± 0.71 | 5.35 ± 0.78 | 7.04 ± 1.33 | 6.04 ± 1.13 | <0.01* |
| Physical function | |||||
| HGS (kg) | 20.85 ± 6.10 | 22.27 ± 6.26 | 30.50 ± 9.96 | 30.54 ± 8.98 | <0.01* |
| GS (m/s) | 0.84 ± 0.15 | 0.90 ± 0.15 | 1.07 ± 0.18 | 1.15 ± 0.17 | <0.01* |
| Cognitive function | |||||
| RBANS index score | 84.82 ± 14.83 | 86.41 ± 15.41 | 93.65 ± 17.19 | 96.28 ± 15.58 | <0.01* |
| Immediate memory domain | 84.69 ± 14.14 | 88.73 ± 16.31 | 93.77 ± 16.16 | 95.10 ± 15.64 | <0.01* |
| Visuospatial domain | 89.46 ± 19.38 | 90.13 ± 15.12 | 95.98 ± 16.88 | 99.03 ± 16.43 | <0.01* |
| Language domain | 89.56 ± 11.84 | 88.70 ± 15.30 | 91.20 ± 15.02 | 91.28 ± 16.12 | 0.50 |
| Attention domain | 88.05 ± 15.10 | 91.52 ± 15.23 | 96.11 ± 19.32 | 100.47 ± 16.95 | <0.01* |
| Delayed memory domain | 90.49 ± 17.01 | 94.41 ± 16.52 | 98.55 ± 15.89 | 100.35 ± 14.30 | <0.01* |
PA, physical activity levels; BMI, body mass index; FMI, fat mass index; ALMI, appendicular lean mass index; HGS, handgrip strength; GS, gait speed; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.
*p < 0.05.
All data are presented as mean ± SD or number (%).