Table 3. Scores for primary and secondary outcomes and differences between groups.
| Outcomes | Experimental (n = 12) | Control (n = 14) | Unadjusted Between-Group Difference | Adjusted Between-Group Difference d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) a | Mean (SD) a | β | 95% CI | P | β | 95% CI | P | |
| Primary Outcomes | ||||||||
| Disability (ODI score (0–100))b, c | ||||||||
| Baseline | 17 (28) | 30 (39) | ||||||
| 9 weeks | 14 (13) | 19.55 (11) | -0.07 | -0.23, 0.09 | 0.352 | -0.05 | -0.30, 0.20 | 0.670 |
| 26 weeks | 12.64 (11) | 19.45 (11) | -0.23 | -0.48, 0.03 | 0.075 | -0.15 | -0.52, 0.21 | 0.374 |
| Pain (VAS score (0–10))b, c | ||||||||
| Baseline | 4 (2) | 5 (2) | ||||||
| 9 weeks | 3 (3) | 3 (1) | -0.01 | -0.21, 0.19 | 0.944 | -0.11 | -0.33, 0.10 | 0.273 |
| 26 weeks | 1 (2) | 3.36 (4) | -0.28 | -0.54, -0.03 | 0.033 * | -0.38 | -0.66, -0.10 | 0.013 * |
| Secondary Outcomes | ||||||||
| Physical activity (minutes/day) | ||||||||
| Light | ||||||||
| Baseline | 269.39 (104.87) | 301.65 (86.93) | ||||||
| 9 weeks | 314.77 (137.68) | 244.24 (126.29) | 70.53 | -36.35, 177.41 | 0.186 | 156.71 | 86.79, 226.64 | <0.001 ** |
| 26 weeks | 269.76 (110.75) | 271.48 (116.85) | -1.72 | -94.35, 90.92 | 0.970 | 45.48 | -55.10, 146.06 | 0.350 |
| Moderateb, c | ||||||||
| Baseline | 80.93 (28.01) | 68.16 (45.22) | ||||||
| 9 weeks | 103.13 (46.49) | 84.95 (77.48) | 0.18 | -0.14, 0.49 | 0.250 | 0.46 | 0.12, 0.80 | 0.012 * |
| 26 weeks | 84.41 (27.25) | 76.09 (50.81) | 0.17 | -0.10, 0.45 | 0.205 | 0.30 | -0.05, 0.65 | 0.086 |
| Vigorousb, c | ||||||||
| Baseline | 0.36 (1.11) | 0.29 (1.22) | ||||||
| 9 weeks | 1 (1.54) | 0.84 (1.42) | 0.06 | -0.26, 0.39 | 0.683 | 0.06 | -0.40, 0.52 | 0.778 |
| 26 weeks | 1.21 (1.58) | 0.95 (2.01) | -0.09 | -0.60, 0.43 | 0.735 | 0.15 | -0.44, 0.73 | 0.573 |
| Walking steps (steps/day) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 12998.30 (4217.78) | 13563.10 (5968.27) | ||||||
| 9 weeks | 15647.42 (5813.38) | 11978.75 (6516.98) | 3668.66 | -1368.91, 8706.23 | 0.146 | 7099.13 | 4522.93, 9675.32 | <0.001 ** |
| 26 weeks | 13770.09 (5517.18) | 11600.6131 (5542.77) | 2169.484 | -2321.37, 6660.33 | 0.329 | 4582.37 | -124.38, 9289.12 | 0.056 |
| Depression (BDI score (0–63))b, c | ||||||||
| Baseline | 7.50 (11) | 13.50 (20) | ||||||
| 9 weeks | 8.59 (11) | 8.36 (10) | 0.01 | -0.36, 0.38 | 0.959 | 0.11 | -0.34, 0.56 | 0.616 |
| 26 weeks | 6.37 (6) | 10.32 (7) | -0.23 | -0.50, 0.04 | 0.094 | -0.19 | -0.54, 0.15 | 0.243 |
| Pain Catastrophizing (PCS score (0–52))b, c | ||||||||
| Baseline | 18.50 (24) | 17 (32) | ||||||
| 9 weeks | 13 (11) | 9.50 (10) | 0.23 | -0.14, 0.59 | 0.208 | 0.52 | 0.18, 0.86 | 0.006 * |
| 26 weeks | 14.55 (21) | 10.91 (21) | 0.10 | -0.35, 0.55 | 0.654 | 0.32 | -0.14, 0.78 | 0.151 |
| Kinesiophobia (TSK score (17–68)) | ||||||||
| Baseline | 39.92 (7.79) | 40.43 (10.56) | ||||||
| 9 weeks | 40.82 (8.88) | 37.09 (7.30) | 3.73 | -2.82, 10.27 | 0.251 | 2.22 | -3.98, 8.42 | 0.457 |
| 26 weeks | 43.18 (8.49) | 36.36 (8.41) | 6.82 | -0.04, 13.68 | 0.051 | 6.15 | -2.07, 14.37 | 0.131 |
*p < 0.05,
**p < 0.001
Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; IQR, interquartile range; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; SD, standard deviation; TSK, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale; y, years.
a Data are reported as mean (SD), unless otherwise indicated.
b Data are reported as median (IQR).
c Variable was log transformed as their distribution deviated from normal.
dAdjusted for baseline values of primary and secondary outcomes.
Note: There were 12, 11, and 11 participants in the experimental group with available data at baseline, 9-weeks, and 26-weeks follow-ups, respectively. There were 14, 11, and 11 participants in the control group with available data at baseline, 9-weeks, and 26-weeks follow-ups, respectively.