Table 3.

Effects of Si and Si-NPs on plant biotic stress management.

Nanoparticle Type	Pathogen	Concentration	Effect	Reference
Si-NPs	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum	100 mg L−1	Enhances biomass and fruit yield in comparison to untreated plants	[134]
SiO2-NPs	Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum and Rhizoctonia solani	100, 200 mg L−1	Si-NPs were most effective against test pathogens	[30]
SiO2-NPs	Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae, Pectobacterium carotovorum and fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and Alternaria dauci	100 mg L−1	Inhibits the growth of all tested pathogens	[23]
SiO2-Ag composites	Xanthomonas oryzae >pv. oryzae	50, 100 and 200 μg mL−1	Displays antibacterial activity against the tested pathogen	[136]
Si	Puccinia melanocephala	400, 1200 mg L−1	Reduces disease in sugarcane and induces resistance	[137]
Si-NPs	Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger	5, 10, 15 kg ha−1	Reduces the growth of pathogens	[138]
Si	Hemileia vastatrix	0.24 and 0.30 mg kg−1	Inhibits infection of fungus Hemileia vastatrix and urediniospore germination	[28]
Si	Colletotrichum sublineolum	2 mmol L−1	Reduces growth by around 20%, acervuli found smaller in size	[139]
Si	Podosphaera pannosa	1 mg mL−1	Reduces disease severity by 46% and induces phenolic acid formation	[123]
Si	Fusarium sulphureum	100 and 200 mM	Decreases pathogen growth and reduces disease	[140]
SiO2	Sclerosporagraminicola	5, 10, 15 mM	Inhibits the growth of the fungal pathogen	[141]