Table 1.

Studies about mechanisms in microglial cells.

Analyzed Mechanisms	Study	Reference
Function of HIV-Tat in microglia	E.T. Chivero, M.-L. Guo, P. Periyasamy, K. Liao, S.E. Callen, S. Buch, HIV-1 Tat primes and activates microglial NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation (2017)	[16]
Detection of infected microglia in patients whose viral level is suppressed but died from an HIV-1 unrelated outcome	A. Ko, G. Kang, J.B. Hattler, H.I. Galadima, J. Zhang, Q. Li, W.K. Kim, Macrophages but not astrocytes harbor HIV DNA in the brains of HIV-1-infected aviremic individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (2019)	[23]
SAMHD1 restriction take place in in vitro differentiated macrophages and in freshly isolated macrophages from the lungs, abdomen, and brain	J.J. Cenker, R.D. Stultz, D. McDonald, Brain Microglial Cells Are Highly Susceptible to HIV-1 Infection and Spread (2017)	[24]
Over stimulation of microglia contributes to HAND	R. Geffin, R. Martinez, R. Perez, B. Issac, M. McCarthy, Apolipoprotein E-dependent differences in innate immune responses of maturing human neuroepithelial progenitor cells exposed to HIV-1 (2013)	[36]
Increased release of proinflammatory chemokines by microglia	S.L. Wesselingh, K. Takahashi, J.D.Glass, J.C. McArthur, J.W. Griffin, D.E. Griffin, Cellular localization of tumor necrosis factor mRNA in neurological tissue from HIV-infected patients by combined reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization and immunohisto-chemistry (1997) D. Alvarez-Carbonell, Y. Garcia-Mesa, S. Milne, B. Das, C. Dobrowolski, R. Rojas, J. Karn J, Toll-like receptor 3 activation selectively reverses HIV latency in microglial cells (2017)	[56,58]
HIV-1 replication in microglial cells and their activation are dependent on autophagy activation	S.S. Choi, H.J. Lee, I. Lim, J. Satoh, S.U. Kim, Human astrocytes: secretome profiles of cytokines and chemokines (2014)	[57]
HIV-1 replication in microglia using primary cultures obtained from fetal brains or post-mortem assessment of AIDS patients	A.V. Albright, J.T. Shieh, M.J. O’Connor, F. Gonzalez-Scarano, Characterization of cultured microglia that can be infected by HIV-1 (2000) S. Peudenier, C. Hery, L. Montagnier, M. Tardieu, Human microglial cells: characterization in cerebral tissue and in primary culture, and study of their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection (1991)	[58,59]
Immortalized human microglial cell line is useful to produce stable cell lines latently infected with HIV-1 proviruses	Y. Garcia-Mesa, T.R. Jay, M.A. Checkley, B. Luttge, C. Dobrowolski, S. Valadkhan, G.E. Landreth, J. Karn, D. Alvarez-Carbonell, Immortalization of primary microglia: A new platform to study HIV regulation in the central nervous system (2017) D. Alvarez-Carbonell, F. Ye, N. Ramanath, C. Dobrowolski, J. Karn, The glucocorticoid receptor is a critical regulator of HIV latency in human microglial cells (2019)	[59,60]
Absence of restriction by SAMDH1 is due to its phosphorylation by the cyclin kinase 1 (CDK1) which is induced in microglial cells	P. Mlcochova, K.A. Sutherland, S.A. Watters, C. Bertoli, R.A. de Bruin, J. Rehwinkel, S.J. Neil, G.M. Lenzi, B. Kim, A. Khwaja, M.C. Gage, C. Georgiou, A. Chittka, S. Yona, M. Noursadeghi, G.J. Towers, R.K. Gupta, A G1-like state allows HIV-1 to bypass SAMHD1 restriction in macrophages (2017)	[61]
Identification of HIV-1 DNA, RNA and protein in microglial cells of brain autopsies from patients that died from severe form of HAND	M.A. Cosenza, M.-L. Zhao, Q. Si, S.C. Lee, Human brain parenchymal microglia express CD14 and CD45 and are productively infected by HIV-1 in HIV-1 encephalitis (2002) M.J. Churchill, P.R. Gorry, D. Cowley, L. Lal, S. Sonza, D.F. Purcell, K.A. Thompson, D. Gabuzda, J.C. McArthur, C.A. Pardo, S.L. Wesselingh, Use of laser capture microdissection to detect integrated HIV-1 DNA in macrophages and astrocytes from autopsy brain tissues (2006)	[62,63]
Detection of HIV-1 DNAs in microglial cells and macrophages in brain autopsies from patients whose infection was controlled	K.A. Thompson, C.L. Cherry, J.E. Bell, C.A. McLean, Brain cell reservoirs of latent virus in presymptomatic HIV-infected individuals (2011)	[64]
Detection of the virus in the CSF in persons under effective cART, who had otherwise undetectable plasma HIV-1	A. Edén A, S. Nilsson, L. Hagberg, D. Fuchs, H. Zetterberg, B. Svennerholm, M. Gisslén, Asymptomatic cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 viral blips and viral escape during antiretroviral therapy: a longitudinal study (2016)	[65]
Compartmentalization of HIV-1 in the CSF	D.F. Bavaro, A. Calamo A, L. Lepore, C. Fabrizio, A. Saracino, G. Angarano, L. Monno, Cerebrospinal fluid compartmentalization of HIV-1 and correlation with plasma viral load and blood–brain barrier damage (2019)	[66]
Macaques model with microglial cells infection is useful to conduct preclinical evaluation of therapeutic interventions aimed at eradicating HIV-1 from the CNS	C. Harbison, K. Zhuang, A. Gettie, J. Blanchard, H. Knight, P. Didier, C. Cheng-Mayer, S. Westmoreland, Giant cell encephalitis and microglial infection with mucosally transmitted simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P3N in rhesus macaques (2014)	[67]
Demonstration of the establishment of viral reservoir in animal models	J.B. Whitney, A.L. Hill, S. Sanisetty, P. Penaloza-MacMaster, J. Liu, M. Shetty, L. Parenteau, C. Cabral, J. Shields, S. Blackmore, J.Y. Smith, A.L. Brinkman, L.E. Peter, S.I. Mathew, K.M. Smith, E.N. Borducchi, D.I. Rosenbloom, M.G. Lewis, J. Hattersley, B. Li, J. Hesselgesser, R. Geleziunas, M.L. Robb, J.H. Kim, N.L. Michael, D.H. Barouch, Rapid seeding of the viral reservoir prior to SIV viraemia in rhesus monkeys (2014)	[68]
Infected microglia by HIV-1 in vivo in humanized mouse models	G.N. Llewellyn, D. Alvarez-Carbonell, M. Chateau, J. Karn, P.M. Cannon, HIV-1 infection of microglial cells in a reconstituted humanized mouse model and identification of compounds that selectively reverse HIV latency (2018) S. Mathews, A. Branch Woods, I. Katano, E. Makarov, M.B. Thomas, H.E. Gendelman, L.Y. Poluektova, M. Ito, S. Gorantla, Human Interleukin-34 facilitates microglia-like cell differentiation and persistent HIV-1 infection in humanized mice (2019) H. Su, Y. Cheng, S. Sravanam, S. Mathews, S. Gorantla, L.Y. Poluektova, P.K. Dash, H.E. Gendelman, Immune activations and viral tissue compartmentalization during progressive HIV-1 infection of humanized mice (2019)	[69,70,71]