Table 1.
Recognition of OSEs by PRRs.
| PRR | OSE | Effect | Cells |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scavenger receptors | |||
| SR-A1,2 | MDA | Uptake | Macrophages, mast, dendritic, endothelial, smooth muscle cells |
| SR-B1 | PC-OxPL | Uptake | Monocytes/macrophages, hepatocytes, adipocytes |
| SRECI/II | OxLDL | Uptake | Endothelial cells, macrophages, CD8+ cells |
| SR-PSOX | Ox-PS | Uptake Foam cell formation |
Macrophages, smooth muscle, dendritic, and endothelial cells, and B-cells and T cells |
| LOX-1 | MDA | Monocyte adhesion Uptake Inflammation |
Endothelial and smooth muscle cells, macrophages, platelets |
| 4-HNE | |||
| CD36 | PC-OxPL | Uptake Inflammation |
Macrophages, platelets, adipocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells |
| OxPS | Uptake Inflammation |
||
| CEP | Uptake Inflammation |
||
| TLRs | |||
| TLRs 4-6 | PC-OxPL | Inflammation | Monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, B cells |
| TLR4 | OxCE | Inflammation Foam cell formation |
Monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, B cells |
| OxPE | Inflammation Foam cell formation |
||
| 4-HNE | Inflammation | ||
| TLRs 2-6 | CEP | Inflammation Thrombosis |
Monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, B cells, platelets |
| OxPL | Angiogenesis ER stress |
||
| TLR9 | CEP | Promotion of platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis | Platelets |
| Complement | |||
| CFH | MDA | Neutralization Opsonization |
|
| C3a | MDA | Complement activation | |
| CRP | PC-OxPL | Enhanced efferocytosis | |
| Other PRRs | |||
| MFG-E8 | OxPS | Enhanced efferocytosis | |
| OxPE | Enhanced efferocytosis | ||
| Annexin A5 | OxCL | Neutralization | |
| CD16 | MDA | Inflammation | Macrophages |
Abbreviations: 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; CEP, 2-(ω-carboxyethyl) pyrrole; CFH, complement factor H; CRP, C-reactive protein; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; LOX1, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1; MDA, malondialdehyde; MFG-E8, milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8; OSE, oxidation- specific epitope; OxCE, oxidized cholesterol esters; OxCL, oxidized cardiolipin; OxPE, oxidized phosphatidylethanolamine; OxPL, oxidized phospholipid; OxPS, oxidized phosphatidylserine; PC-OxPL, phosphocholine (PC)-containing OxPL; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; SR, scavenger receptor; TLR, Toll-like receptor.