Table 2.
Comparison of innate immunity parameters in mild and moderate–severe COVID-19 patients.
| Mild (n = 73) | Moderate–Severe (n = 82) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monocytes | |||
| Classic (%CD14+CD16−) | 70.34 (55.9–79.6) | 71.1 (49.5–82.2) | NS (0.896) |
| Intermediate (%CD14+CD16+) | 27.9 (17.4–39.9) | 27.0 (15.2–42.9) | NS (0.677) |
| Non-classic (%CD14−CD16+) | 3.4 (1.2–6.6) | 1.5 (0.6–3.5) | 0.010 |
| TLR expression | |||
| TLR3 | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.1 (0.9–1.6) | NS (0.956) |
| TLR4 | 2.1 (1.0–3.1) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | NS (0.593) |
| TLR7 | 1.4 (1.0–2.3) | 1.3 (1.0–2.1) | NS (0.631) |
| NK cells | |||
| %CD16/56 | 13.77 (10.71–23.1) | 17.25 (11.7–25.9) | NS (0.097) |
| %NKT | 5.05 (3.205–10.945) | 4.52 (3.76–9.25) | NS (0.746) |
| # CD16/56 | 169 (114–277) | 159 (98–230) | NS (0.205) |
| # NKT | 59 (32.5–130) | 44 (30–71) | 0.019 |
| CD56+CD16− | 4.2 (2.5–9.7) | 3.2 (1.6–5.1) | 0.014 |
| CD56+CD16+ | 95.8 (90.3–97.5) | 96.8 (94.8–98.3) | 0.014 |
| ILCs | |||
| ILC1 (Lin−CD127+CD117−CD294−) | 2.33 (1.33–4.64) | 1.66 (0.94–3.88) | NS (0.198) |
| ILC2 (Lin−CD127+CD117+CD294+) | 0.32 (0.13–0.73) | 0.25 (0.11–0.44) | NS (0.497) |
| ILC3 (Lin−CD127+CD117+CD294−) | 0.28 (0.14-0.60) | 0.11 (0.06-0.21) | 0.00028 |
Abbreviations: TLR: Toll-like receptor; NK: natural killer; NKT: natural killer T cells; #: absolute count (cells/µL); ILC: innate lymphoid cells; NS: not significant. For parametric and non-parametric variables, mean ± SD and median (interquartile range) are shown. For comparison, T-Student and U-Mann–Whitney tests, respectively, were used. All TLR expression was calculated as the ratio of MFI of specific TLR monoclonal Ab/isotype control. See Materials and Methods for details.