Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with SCZ classified according to their pattern of treatment response (TRS and R) and HC.
| Variable | Category | TRS (N = 18) | R (N = 20) | HC (N = 20) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Median [IQR] | 44.0 [41.6–49.8] | 50.0 [40.3–60.9] | 37.7 [30.6–58.0] | 0.277 * |
| Gender—N(%) | Males | 16 (88.9) | 18 (90.0) | 13 (65.0) | 0.102 # |
| Females | 2 (11.1) | 2 (10.0) | 7 (35.0) | ||
| BMI (Kg/m2) | Median [IQR] | 27.3 [25.5–29.2] | 26.9 [25.5–28.5] | 22.7 [21.2–23.8] | <0.001 * |
| Family history for mental disorders—N(%) | No | 9 (50.0) | 11 (55.0) | 11 (68.8) | 0.542 # |
| Yes | 9 (50.0) | 9 (45.0) | 5 (31.2) | ||
| Diet—N(%) | Mediterranean only | 10 (58.8) | 13 (65.0) | 18 (90.0) | 0.445 # |
| Carbohydrates only | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Vegetarian/Vegan only | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Mediterran + iperproteic | 1 (5.9) | 2 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Mediterran + ipercaloric | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.0) | ||
| Mediterran + carbohydrates | 2 (11.8) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (5.0) | ||
| Mediterran + iperproteic + carbohydrates | 1 (5.9) | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Mediterran + ipercaloric + carbohydrates | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Iperproteic + carbohydrates | 1 (5.9) | 2 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Smoking habits—N(%) | Non-smoker | 5 (27.8) | 4 (20.0) | 13 (65.0) | 0.021 # |
| Smoker | 11 (61.1) | 11 (55.0) | 4 (20.0) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 2 (11.1) | 5 (25.0) | 3 (15.0) | ||
| Drink habits—N(%) | None | 12 (66.7) | 13 (65.0) | 3 (15.8) | 0.003 # |
| One occasional drink | 6 (33.3) | 6 (30.0) | 12 (63.2) | ||
| 1-2 drinks per day | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.0) | 4 (21.1) | ||
| Physical activity—N(%) | No | 11 (61.1) | 14 (70.0) | 5 (25.0) | 0.012 # |
| Yes | 7 (38.9) | 6 (30.0) | 15 (75.0) | ||
| Cardiometabolic comorbidities—N(%) | No | 11 (61.1) | 13 (65.0) | 16 (80.0) | 0.458 # |
| Yes | 7 (38.9) | 7 (35.0) | 4 (20.0) | ||
| Age at onset (years) | Median [IQR] | 23.0 [20.0–28.0] | 24.0 [21.8–30.0] | NA | 0.318 § |
| Disease duration (years) | Median [IQR] | 19.6 [14.7–24.2] | 19.2 [10.4–32.7] | NA | 0.770 § |
| History of suicide attempt—N(%) | No | 13 (72.2) | 17 (85.0) | NA | 0.438 # |
| Yes | 5 (27.8) | 3 (15.0) | |||
| Length of treatment with APs (months) | Median [IQR] | 66.0 [36.0–165.0] | 66.0 [34.0–87.0] | NA | 0.348 § |
| Treatment at sample collection—N(%) | Typical APs (first generation) | 3 (16.7) | 4 (20.0) | NA | 0.261 # |
| Atypical APs (second generation) | 15 (83.3) | 13 (65.0) | |||
| Aripiprazole (third generation) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (15.0) | |||
| Mood stabilizers—N(%) | No | 11 (61.1) | 16 (80.0) | NA | 0.288 # |
| Yes | 7 (38.9) | 4 (20.0) | |||
| Antidepressant—N(%) | No | 13 (72.2) | 14 (70.0) | NA | 1.000 # |
| Yes | 5 (27.8) | 6 (30.0) | |||
| Any concomitant drugs—N(%) | No | 10 (55.6) | 11 (55.0) | NA | 1.000 # |
| Yes | 8 (44.4) | 9 (45.0) |
Missing values are excluded, and only valid percentages are reported. * p-value from Kruskal–Wallis test; § p-value from Mann–Whitney U test; # p-value from Fisher exact test. Abbreviations: IQR: Interquartile range (i.e., first-third quartiles); NA: not available; APs: antipsychotics; TRS: treatment-resistant schizophrenia; R: treatment-responsive schizophrenia; HC: healthy controls.