Table 6.
Results from Penalized Logistic Regression Analysis (PELORA) algorithm which identifies panels of bacterial populations that best discriminate patients affected by SCZ treated with typical versus atypical antipsychotics (including aripiprazole).
| Taxa Level | Bacteria Selected by PELORA | Quantity | Statistics | T SCZ (N = 7) | AT SCZ (N = 31) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phylum | Fusobacteria | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.012 [0.001-0.039] | 0.000 [0.000–0.001] | 0.001 # |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 1.103 ± 1.223 | −0.249 ± 0.766 | |||
| Tenericutes * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.000 [0.000–0.003] | 0.153 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | −0.491 ± 0.335 | 0.111 ± 1.069 | |||
| Bacteroidetes * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 42.397 [26.873–44.399] | 37.181 [28.697–49.898] | 0.543 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | −0.211 ± 0.951 | 0.048 ± 1.020 | |||
| Cluster centroid | Z-score (means) | Mean ± SD | 0.602 ± 0.314 | –0.136 ± 0.434 | <0.001 # | |
| Family | Fusobacteriaceae | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.012 [0.000–0.039] | 0.000 [0.000–0.001] | 0.001 # |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 1.036 ± 1.351 | −0.234 ± 0.749 | |||
| Streptomycetaceae | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.011 [0.009–0.015] | 0.008 [0.004–0.018] | 0.438 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.269 ± 0.876 | −0.061 ± 1.029 | |||
| Helicobacteraceae | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.001 [0.000–0.094] | 0.000 [0.000–0.002] | 0.085 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.588 ± 1.609 | −0.133 ± 0.785 | |||
| Clostridiales Family XII. Incertae Sedis * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | Absent | 0.000 [0.000–0.001] | 0.070 § | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.125 ± 1.071 | ||||
| Bacillaceae | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.012 [0.011–0.017] | 0.007 [0.005–0.013] | 0.122 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.530 ± 0.798 | −0.120 ± 1.013 | |||
| Oxalobacteraceae | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.008 [0.002–0.020] | 0.002 [0.000–0.018] | 0.366 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.314 ± 0.635 | −0.071 ± 1.060 | |||
| Synergistaceae * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.001 [0.000–0.013] | 0.002 [0.000–0.006] | 0.603 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | −0.181 ± 0.995 | 0.041 ± 1.013 | |||
| Erysipelotrichaceae | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.138 [0.090–1.438] | 0.092 [0.046–0.450] | 0.338 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.332 ± 1.111 | −0.075 ± 0.977 | |||
| Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.006 [0.000–0.017] | 0.013 [0.002–0.022] | 0.107 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | −0.551 ± 1.302 | 0.124 ± 0.898 | |||
| Veillonellaceae * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.146 [0.044–1.892] | 0.836 [0.125–3.110] | 0.590 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | −0.188 ± 1.189 | 0.042 ± 0.970 | |||
| Cluster centroid | Z-score (means) | Mean ± SD | 0.454 ± 0.159 | –0.103 ± 0.147 | <0.001 # | |
| Genus | Fusobacterium | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.012 [0.000–0.039] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.001 # |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 1.067 ± 1.351 | −0.241 ± 0.736 | |||
| Butyricimonas | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.800 [0.341–0.895] | 0.229 [0.103–0.484] | 0.201 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.440 ± 0.751 | −0.099 ± 1.032 | |||
| Blautia | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 1.794 [0.639–6.945] | 0.544 [0.323–0.831] | 0.018 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.791 ± 1.066 | −0.179 ± 0.909 | |||
| Paraprevotella | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.053 [0.007–1.231] | 0.007 [0.002–0.562] | 0.395 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.295 ± 1.130 | −0.067 ± 0.976 | |||
| Klebsiella * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.001 [0.000–0.003] | 0.000 [0.000–0.003] | 0.889 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | −0.049 ± 0.674 | 0.011 ± 1.069 | |||
| Olsenella * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.735 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | −0.118 ± 0.944 | 0.027 ± 1.025 | |||
| Cronobacter | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.142 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.504 ± 1.783 | −0.114 ± 0.725 | |||
| Cluster centroid | Z-score (means) | Mean ± SD | 0.466 ± 0.264 | –0.105 ± 0.156 | <0.001 # | |
| Species | Parabacteroides merdae | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.001] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.006 # |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.910 ± 2.108 | −0.205 ± 0.329 | |||
| Parabacteroides sp. DJF B084 | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.109] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.025 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.753 ± 1.805 | −0.170 ± 0.648 | |||
| Collinsella massiliensis | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.069 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.620 ± 2.198 | −0.140 ± 0.397 | |||
| Odoribacter sp. S90 | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | Absent | 0.035 0.035 § |
|
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.718 ± 2.330 | ||||
| Ruminococcus sp. AT10 | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.003] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.132 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.517 ± 1.828 | −0.117 ± 0.699 | |||
| Clostridium piliforme | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.002] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.051 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.663 ± 1.848 | −0.150 ± 0.651 | |||
| Enorma massiliensis | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.091] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.109 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.549 ± 1.632 | −0.124 ± 0.784 | |||
| Megamonas rupellensis | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.187] | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.061 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.637 ± 1.703 | −0.144 ± 0.733 | |||
| Bacteroides ovatus | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.902 [0.736–1.158] | 0.644 [0.004–1.191] | 0.077 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.604 ± 0.351 | −0.136 ± 1.051 | |||
| Butyricimonas sp. GD2 | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.042 [0.000–0.185] | 0.000 [0.000–0.068] | 0.352 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.322 ± 1.170 | −0.073 ± 0.964 | |||
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.920 [0.450–2.506] | 5.561 [2.425–9.540] | 0.061 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | −0.636 ± 0.900 | 0.144 ± 0.978 | |||
| Ruminococcus sp. DJF VR70k1 | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.000 [0.000–0.004] | 0.000 [0.000–0.003] | 0.910 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.039 ± 0.861 | −0.009 ± 1.042 | |||
| Clostridium aldenense * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | 0.006 [0.006–0.118] | 0.172 [0.035–0.495] | 0.017 # | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | −0.802 ± 1.265 | 0.181 ± 0.854 | |||
| Tetragenococcus halophilus * | Relative abundance (%) | Median [IQR] | Absent | 0.000 [0.000–0.000] | 0.322 § | |
| Z-score ° | Mean ± SD | 0.064 ± 1.100 | ||||
| Cluster centroid | Z-score (means) | Mean ± SD | 0.575 ± 0.093 | −0.130 ± 0.074 | <0.001 # |
Abbreviations: IQR: Interquartile range (i.e., first-third quartiles); SD: Standard Deviation; SCZ: schizophrenia, T: typical antipsychotics; AT: atypical antipsychotics. Absent: all values are 0%. ° Standardized Z-score: the relative abundance of each bacterium was first logistic transformed and then the Z-score was calculated subtracting its mean and dividing by its standard deviation (SD). Both the mean and SD were computed in the sample which included all patients affected by SCZs and HC. Centroid is computed by the mean of Z-scores; * to calculate the centroid, the sign of the specific bacterium’s Z-score was reversed; # p-values from two-sample t-test on Z-scores; § p-values from Mann–Whitney U test, calculated in presence of no variance in one of the two groups. Background color it indicates the centroid.