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. 2021 Jul 22;9(8):859. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9080859

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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THOR deficiency affects sperm development. (A) Effect of THOR deficiency on the relative mRNA expression levels of target genes as determined by qRT-PCR. *** indicates p ≤ 0.001 as determined by a t-test, and **** indicates p < 0.0001 as determined by a t-test. The data are shown as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. (B) Western blot analysis of testicular tissues from THOR-deficient mice. (C) Semiquantitative analysis of protein expression. (D) The mechanism of the effect of THOR on testicular and sperm development.