. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Popul Environ. 2021 Mar 2;43(1):39–60. doi: 10.1007/s11111-021-00376-8

Table 2.

Height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and climate exposure across periods of childhood. Table shows beta coefficients when HAZ is regressed on climate anomalies and sociodemographic covariates. Joint tests of significance for climate are listed below

Variable	HAZ (B)

	Age 0–1	Age 1–2	Age 2–3	Age 3–4	Age 4–5
Prenatal rain	0.016	0.038^**	0.026	− 0.001	− 0.033^*
Prenatal temp	− 0.066 ⁺	− 0.006	− 0.001	0.014	0.023
Postnatal rain	–	0.008	0.052^*	0.049	0.05^*
Postnatal temp	–	0.012	− 0.013	0	0.069^*
Child age	− 0.039^***	− 0.025^***	− 0.012^**	0.012^**	− 0.009^**
Female	0.155^***	0.129^**	0.068^***	0.090^***	0.068^***
Indigenous	− 0.222^*	− 0.205^**	− 0.205^*	− 0.205^*	− 0.161^*
Rural	− 0.003	− 0.079	− 0.083	− 0.127^*	− 0.114^*
Maternal age	− 0.001	0.002	0.008^**	0.005^**	0.006^**
Maternal education
None	− 0.13 ⁺	− 0.210^**	− 0.272^*	− 0.131 ⁺	− 0.187^**
Primary
Secondary	0.16^**	0.221^***	0.270^***	0.308^***	0.259^***
Higher	0.272^***	0.430^***	0.432^***	0.481^***	0.459^***
Household size	− 0.024^***	− 0.035^***	− 0.051^***	− 0.041^***	− 0.046^***
Wealth quintile
1	− 0.341^***	− 0.333^***	− 0.460^***	− 0.444^***	− 0.414^***
2	− 0.142^***	− 0.184^***	− 0.255^***	− 0.199^***	− 0.227^***
3	-	-	-	-	-
4	− 0.051 ⁺	0.169^**	0.257^***	0.323^***	0.248^***
5	0.099^*	0.337^***	0.409^**	0.547^***	0.537^***
Time	− 0.002^***	0.00	0.002^***	0.002^***	0.002^***
n	15,452	13,569	13,484	13,501	13,844
Joint test of climate	1.73	5.02^**	3.09^*	1.71	5.44^**

Models also controlled for Census-based regions (departments)

⁺

p < 0.10

p < 0.05

^**

p < 0.01

^***

p < 0.001,—reference