Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
| GLIM criteria, n (%) | ||||
| Variable | All (n = 103) | Well-nourished (n = 70) | Malnourished (n = 33) | P |
| Age, yr | 79.0 ± 8.8 | 78.8 ± 8.5 | 79.3 ± 9.5 | .60 |
| ≤74 | 22 (21.4) | 15 (21.4) | 7 (21.2) | .60 |
| ≥75 | 81 (78.6) | 55 (78.6) | 26 (78.8) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 52 (50.5) | 34 (48.6) | 18 (54.5) | .36 |
| Female | 51 (49.5) | 36 (51.4) | 15 (45.5) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 3.9 | 24.4 ± 3.8 | 20.6 ± 2.8 | <.01 |
| ≥18.5 if <70 yr, ≥20 if ≥70 yr | 81 (78.6) | 63 (90.0) | 18 (54.5) | <.01 |
| <18.5 if <70 yr, <20 if ≥70 yr | 22 (21.4) | 7 (10.0) | 15 (45.5) | |
| CC, cm | 32.9 ± 3.4 | 34.0 ± 3.1 | 30.5 ± 2.5 | <.01 |
| ≥34 for male, ≥33 for female | 47 (45.6) | 45 (64.3) | 2 (6.1) | <.01 |
| <34 for male, <33 for female | 56 (54.4) | 25 (35.7) | 31 (93.9) | |
| MNA-SF | 11.4 ± 2.1 | 12.3 ± 1.7 | 9.5 ± 1.3 | <.01 |
| Normal | 54 (52.4) | 54 (77.1) | … | |
| Malnourished/at risk of malnutrition | 49 (47.6) | 16 (22.9) | 33 (100.0) | … |
| High protein-source foods | 2.77 ± 1.33 | 2.77 ± 1.40 | 2.74 ± 1.16 | .76 |
| <3 per day | 66 (64.1) | 45 (64.3) | 21 (63.6) | .56 |
| ≥3 per day | 37 (35.9) | 25 (35.7) | 12 (36.4) | |
| Nursing care level | ||||
| Requiring assistance | 35 (34.0) | 27 (38.6) | 8 (24.2) | .11 |
| Long-term care level | 68 (66.0) | 43 (61.4) | 25 (75.8) | |
| Bedridden level | ||||
| Independent | 57 (55.3) | 43 (61.4) | 14 (42.4) | .06 |
| ADL disability | 46 (44.7) | 27 (38.6) | 19 (57.6) | |
| Rating of dementia | ||||
| Independent | 76 (73.8) | 57 (80.0) | 20 (60.6) | .03 |
| Mild dementia | 27 (26.2) | 14 (20.0) | 13 (39.4) | |
| Chronic diseases | ||||
| Yes | 69 (67.0) | 37 (52.9) | 32 (97.0) | <.01 |
| No | 34 (33.0) | 33 (47.1) | 1 (3.0) | |
| Polypharmacy | ||||
| <5 types of drugs | 45 (43.7) | 37 (52.9) | 8 (24.2) | <.01 |
| ≥5 types of drugs | 58 (56.3) | 33 (47.1) | 25 (75.8) | |
| Neuropsychological problems | ||||
| Yes | 20 (19.4) | 9 (12.9) | 11 (33.3) | .01 |
| No | 83 (87.1) | 61 (87.1) | 22 (66.7) | |
| Psychological stress | ||||
| Yes | 32 (31.1) | 13 (18.6) | 19 (57.6) | <.01 |
| No | 71 (68.9) | 57 (81.4) | 14 (42.4) | |
| Appetite | ||||
| Healthy appetite | 94 (91.3) | 65 (92.9) | 29 (87.9) | .31 |
| Loss of appetite | 9 (8.7) | 5 (7.1) | 4 (12.1) | |
| Pleasure of eating | ||||
| Pleasure of eating | 85 (82.5) | 63 (90.0) | 22 (66.7) | <.01 |
| Loss of pleasure of eating | 18 (17.5) | 7 (10.0) | 11 (33.3) | |
| Eating together at least once per day | ||||
| Yes | 71 (68.9) | 47 (67.1) | 24 (72.7) | .37 |
| No | 32 (31.1) | 23 (32.9) | 9 (27.3) | |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or as numbers (percentage).
ADL = activities of daily living, BMI = body mass index, CC = calf circumference, GLIM = Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition, MNA-SF = Responses to the Mini Nutritional Assessment Scale-Short Form.