Table 1.
Characteristics of COVID-19 patients who completed both 6-month and 12-month follow-up
| Total (n=1276) | Scale 3: not requiring supplemental oxygen (n=318) | Scale 4: requiring supplemental oxygen (n=864) | Scale 5–6: requiring HFNC, NIV, or IMV (n=94) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59·0 (49·0–67·0) | 59·0 (49·0–67·0) | 59·0 (50·0–67·0) | 58·0 (49·0–67·0) | 0·71 | |
| Sex | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0·011 | |
| Men | 681 (53%) | 157 (49%) | 461 (53%) | 63 (67%)*† | .. | |
| Women | 595 (47%) | 161 (51%) | 403 (47%) | 31 (33%)*† | .. | |
| Education | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0·013 | |
| College or higher | 348/1269 (27%) | 84 (26%) | 226/857 (26%) | 38 (40%)*† | .. | |
| Middle school or lower | 921/1269 (73%) | 234 (74%) | 631/857 (74%) | 56 (60%)*† | .. | |
| Cigarette smoking | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0·34 | |
| Never-smoker | 1047/1272 (82%) | 251 (79%) | 720/860 (84%) | 76 (81%) | .. | |
| Current smoker | 87/1272 (7%) | 24 (8%) | 57/860 (7%) | 6 (6%) | .. | |
| Former smoker | 138/1272 (11%) | 43 (14%) | 83/860 (10%) | 12 (13%) | .. | |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Hypertension | 451/1251 (36%) | 124/313 (40%) | 288/849 (34%) | 39/89 (44%) | 0·06 | |
| Diabetes | 188/1257 (15%) | 46/315 (15%) | 127/850 (15%) | 15/92 (16%) | 0·92 | |
| Coronary heart diseases | 96/1268 (8%) | 27/317 (9%) | 62/859 (7%) | 7/92 (8%) | 0·76 | |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 51/1269 (4%) | 11 (3%) | 39/857 (5%) | 1 (1%) | 0·15 | |
| Malignancy | 40/1271 (3%) | 10 (3%) | 26/859 (3%) | 4 (4%) | 0·83 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 12/1269 (1%) | 3/317 (1%) | 8/858 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0·90 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 49/1269 (4%) | 10 (3%) | 33/857 (4%) | 6 (6%) | 0·40 | |
| Highest seven-category scale during hospital stay | ||||||
| 3: hospitalisation, not requiring supplemental oxygen | 318 (25%) | 318 (100%) | 0 | 0 | .. | |
| 4: hospitalisation, requiring supplemental oxygen | 864 (68%) | 0 | 864 (100%) | 0 | .. | |
| 5: hospitalisation, requiring HFNC or non-IMV, or both | 86 (7%) | 0 | 0 | 86 (91%) | .. | |
| 6: hospitalisation, requiring ECMO or IMV, or both | 8 (1%) | 0 | 0 | 8 (9%) | .. | |
| Treatment received during hospital stay | ||||||
| Corticosteroids | 307 (24%) | 32 (10%) | 206 (24%)‡ | 69 (73%)*† | <0·0001 | |
| Antivirals | 705 (55%) | 164 (52%) | 481 (56%) | 60 (64%) | 0·10 | |
| Lopinavir–ritonavir | 173 (14%) | 27 (8%) | 120 (14%)‡ | 26 (28%)*† | <0·0001 | |
| Arbidol | 622 (49%) | 149 (47%) | 423 (49%) | 50 (53%) | 0·54 | |
| Chloroquine phosphate | 4 (0%) | 0 | 3 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0·21 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 2 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 0 | 0·54 | |
| Antibiotics | 987 (77%) | 183 (58%) | 712 (82%)‡ | 92 (98%)*† | <0·0001 | |
| Thymosin | 204 (16%) | 42 (13%) | 146 (17%) | 16 (17%) | 0·30 | |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | 249 (20%) | 29 (9%) | 166 (19%)‡ | 54 (57%)*† | <0·0001 | |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 14·0 (10·0–20·0) | 11·0 (8·0–16·0) | 14·0 (11·0–19·0)‡ | 40·0 (25·0–52·0)*† | <0·0001 | |
| ICU admission | 54 (4%) | 0 | 20 (2%)‡ | 34 (36%)*† | <0·0001 | |
| Length of ICU stay, days | 18·0 (7·0–30·0) | NA | 7·0 (2·5–18·0) | 22·5 (10·0–43·0)† | 0·0001 | |
| Time from symptom onset to 6-month follow-up, days | 185·0 (175·0–198·0) | 187·0 (174·0–198·0) | 184·0 (175·0–196·0)‡ | 204·0 (183·0–217·0)*† | <0·0001 | |
| Time from symptom onset to 12-month follow-up, days | 349·0 (337·0–361·0) | 346·0 (335·0–357·0) | 349·0 (338·0–361·0)‡ | 360·0 (351·0–373·0)*† | <0·0001 | |
Data are median (IQR), n (%), or n/N (%) when data are missing. The differing denominators used indicate missing data. To correct for multiple comparison between two groups of study participants with different severity scale, a Bonferroni corrected α-threshold of 0.0167 was used. HFNC=high-flow nasal cannula for oxygen therapy. NIV=non-invasive ventilation. IMV=invasive mechanical ventilation. ECMO=extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ICU=intensive care unit. NA=not applicable.
*
p<0·0167 for the comparison of scale 5–6 with scale 3 .
†
p<0·0167 for the comparison of scale 5–6 with scale 4.
‡
p<0·0167 for the comparison of scale 4 with scale 3.