Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics
| Overall (n = 321) | Control (n = 83) | BOR (n = 126) | DOR (n = 112) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59 (13) | 59 (13) | 58 (11) | 60 (14) | 0.704 |
| Gender, male | 266 (82.9) | 70 (84.3) | 105 (83.3) | 91 (81.3) | 0.839 |
| Ethnicity | 0.616 | ||||
| Chinese | 166 (51.7) | 41 (49.4) | 65 (51.6) | 60 (53.6) | |
| Malay | 62 (19.3) | 21 (25.3) | 23 (18.3) | 18 (16.1) | |
| Indian | 70 (21.8) | 18 (21.7) | 28 (22.2) | 24 (21.4) | |
| Others | 23 (7.2) | 3 (3.6) | 10 (7.9) | 10 (8.9) | |
| Medical history | |||||
| Smoking status | 0.963 | ||||
| Active smoker | 113 (41.4) | 35 (42.2) | 50 (39.7) | 48 (42.9) | |
| Ex-smoker | 34 (10.6) | 10 (12.0) | 13 (10.3) | 11 (9.8) | |
| Hypertension | 189 (58.9) | 50 (60.2) | 76 (60.3) | 63 (56.3) | 0.782 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 135 (42.1) | 34 (41.0) | 58 (46.0) | 43 (38.4) | 0.478 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 206 (64.2) | 55 (66.3) | 82 (65.1) | 69 (61.6) | 0.770 |
| Previous AMI | 46 (14.3) | 13 (15.7) | 21 (16.7) | 12 (10.7) | 0.392 |
| Previous PCI | 50 (15.6) | 17 (20.5) | 19 (15.1) | 14 (12.5) | 0.309 |
| Previous CABG | 5 (1.6) | 4 (4.8) | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 0.018 |
| Previous heart failure | 11 (3.4) | 2 (2.4) | 7 (5.6) | 2 (1.8) | 0.235 |
| Family history of premature CAD | 42 (13.1) | 8 (9.6) | 18 (14.3) | 16 (14.3) | 0.557 |
| Stroke | 14 (4.4) | 4 (4.8) | 3 (2.4) | 7 (6.3) | 0.336 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 27 (8.4) | 6 (7.2) | 10 (7.9) | 11 (9.8) | 0.788 |
| Presentation | 0.739 | ||||
| Direct visit | 218 (67.9) | 58 (69.9) | 87 (69.0) | 73 (65.2) | |
| Interhospital transfers | 103 (32.1) | 25 (30.1) | 39 (31.0) | 39 (34.8) | |
| Index admission | |||||
| Heart failure (Killip class 3) | 46 (14.3) | 6 (7.2) | 24 (19.0) | 16 (14.3) | 0.058 |
| Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | 19 (5.9) | 6 (7.2) | 4 (3.2) | 9 (8.0) | 0.239 |
| Sepsis | 26 (8.2) | 5 (6.0) | 6 (4.8) | 15 (13.4) | 0.040 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 19 (5.9) | 2 (2.4) | 8 (6.3) | 9 (8.0) | 0.249 |
| Bleeding | 29 (9.0) | 6 (7.2) | 7 (5.6) | 16 (14.3) | 0.051 |
| Requiring inotropes | 47 (14.6) | 9 (10.8) | 22 (17.5) | 16 (14.3) | 0.413 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 30 (9.3) | 5 (6.0) | 16 (12.7) | 9 (8.0) | 0.225 |
| Acute mitral regurgitation | 81 (25.2) | 1 (1.2) | 39 (31.0) | 41 (36.6) | < 0.001 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia | 31 (9.7) | 5 (6.0) | 17 (13.5) | 9 (8.0) | 0.156 |
| Stroke | 5 (1.6) | 0 | 2 (1.6) | 3 (2.7) | 0.328 |
| Requiring intubation | 47 (14.6) | 8 (9.6) | 17 (13.5) | 22 (19.6) | 0.133 |
| Acute kidney injury | 68 (21.2) | 23 (27.7) | 25 (19.8) | 30 (17.9) | 0.224 |
| LVEF on discharge | 44 (14) | 50 (9) | 46 (11) | 45 (10) | 0.004 |
| Hospital stay, days | 6 (8) | 5 (4) | 7 (12) | 6 (6) | 0.411 |
| In-hospital mortality | 29 (9.0) | 4 (4.8) | 11 (8.7) | 14 (12.5) | 0.179 |
| Medications on discharge | |||||
| Aspirin | 291 (90.7) | 77 (92.8) | 111 (88.1) | 103 (92.0) | 0.440 |
| P2Y12 inhibitor | 314 (97.8) | 78 (94.0) | 124 (98.4) | 112 (100) | 0.015 |
| Beta-blocker | 253 (81.1) | 68 (81.9) | 99 (79.2) | 86 (82.7) | 0.778 |
| ACE-I/ARB | 214 (68.6) | 55 (66.3) | 86 (68.8) | 73 (70.2) | 0.846 |
| Statin | 293 (91.6) | 79 (95.2) | 112 (88.9) | 102 (91.9) | 0.274 |
Categorical data presented as n (%). Continuous data presented as mean values (standard deviation)
ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, AMI acute myocardial infarction, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, CAD coronary artery disease, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention