Table 3.

Summary table of included studies.

Geographic area and citation	Sample and unit of analysis	Nationally representative	Survey round(s) and month	Study Design	Indicatorsa	Peer Review (P) or Grey Literature (G)
Bangladesh [25]	2424 Mothers/female carersb	No	1 Round: May to June 2020 (compared to baseline 2017–2019)	Interrupted time-series	FS; FAF	P
Bangladesh [33]	1876 households	No	1 Round: 7–15 September 2020	Cross-sectional face-to-face and online surveyc	DQ, FS, FAC, FAF	P
Cote D'Ivoire [35]	666 Households	Nod	1 Round – April 2020	Cross-sectional telephone survey	FAF; HNS	G
Ethiopia [20]	3249 Householdse	Yes	6 Rounds (May–October 2020)f	Longitudinal Phone Survey	FS; FAF; FAC; HNS	G
Ethiopia [14]	600 Households	Nog	Rounds 1 May 2020	Longitudinal Phone Surveyh	DQ; FS; FAV; FAF	G
Ethiopia [13]	589 Households	No	Round 2 June 2020	Longitudinal Phone Survey	DQ; FS; FAV; FAF	G
Ethiopia [12]	584 Households	No	Round 3 July 2020	Longitudinal Phone Survey	DQ; FS; FAV; FAF	G
Ethiopia [17]	577 Households	No	Round 4 August 2020	Longitudinal Phone Survey	DQ	G
Ethiopia [19]	2471 young peoplei	No	1 Round: June–July 2020 (compared with 2016 data)	Longitudinal Phone Survey	FS; FAF	G
Ethiopia [26]	100 value chain actorsj	No	1 Round: April–May 2020	Cross-sectional Phone Survey on qualitative aspects	FAV	G
Ethiopia [15]	1188 Householdsk	Nol	1 Round: June 2020	Cross-sectional phone survey	DQm, FAF	G
Ethiopia [31]	235 value chain actorsn	No	2 Rounds: May 2020 (compared with Jan/Feb 2020 data)	Repeated cross-sectional phone survey	FAV; FAF	G
Ethiopia [22]	436 Householdso	No	1 Round: July 2020	Cross-sectional phone survey	FA; FAF	G
India [16]p	448 Adult men and womenq	No	1 Round: May 2020	Cross-sectional phone survey	DQ; FAF	P
India [27]	1515 farming householdsr	No	1 Round (early-April and mid-May 2020)	Cross-sectional phone survey	FS; FAV; FAC	P
Kenya and Uganda [18]	Kenya: 313 & Uganda: 129	Nos	1 Round: April 2020	Cross-sectional Online Survey	DQ; FS, FAF	P
Mexico [23]	833 Adult men and woment	Yesu	3 Rounds: April–June 2020	Cross-sectional Phone Surveyv	FS	P
Nepal and Senegal [32]w	Adult male and female Nepal: 656 Senegal: 503	No	1 Round: June to mid-July 2020	Cross-sectional phone survey	FAF, FAC	G
Nepal [28]	25 key informantsx	No	2 Rounds (Mid-April and Mid-October 2020)	Repeated key informant interviews and literature review	FAV	P
Nigeria [21]	1950 Householdsy	Yes	6 Rounds: May–November 2020z	Longitudinal Phone Survey	FS; FAC; FAF; FAV; HNS	G
Nigeria [24]	Households and adult individuals Baseline sample: 4976 COVID-19 sample: 1950	Yes	2 rounds: May, June 2020 + Baseline Jul/Aug 2018	Panel Data	FS, FAF	G
South Africa [37]	30 Adult male and femaleaa	No	1 round: month not mentioned (likely to be March or April)	Exploratory qualitative study (via phone)	FAF	P
Vanuatu [29]	31 Adult male and femaleab	No	1 round: April 2020	Cross sectional telephone rapid appraisal	FAV; FAF	P
Zambia [30]	40 self-employed womenac	No	1 Round: March–July 2020	Cross-sectional telephone semi-structured interviews	FAV; HNS	P

^aDQ: Diet quality, FAV: Food Availability, FAF: Food Affordability, FAC: Food Accessibility, FS: Food Security, HNS: Disruption in health and nutrition services, NU: Nutrition.

^bAll participants were mothers or female guardians of children enrolled in the “Benefits and risks of iron interventions in children” (BRISC) trial—a randomised controlled trial of preventive iron supplementation or placebo given to infants aged 8 months (ACTRN12617000660381) with a primary outcome of child cognitive development after 3 months of intervention. The BRISC trial was set in Rupganj upazila (county) of Narayanganj district, a rural area about 35 km northeast of Dhaka, which covers about 235 km² and comprises about 82 000 households.

^cFace-to-face survey was conducted in areas where contagion rates were low (green and yellow zones) while online surveys were conducted in areas with high contagion rates (red zones). Data from 1164 (62%) participants were collected randomly via face-to-face interviews, and data from 712 (38%) participants were collected using online platforms.

^dThe study was conducted in 30 districts of Abidjan.

^eBy the time this study was finalised, the World Bank High-frequency Phone Survey in Ethiopia had conducted 6 survey rounds (early May–October 2020). Each round included a different sample sizes: Round1: 3249; Round 2: 3107; Round 3: 3058; Round 4: 2878; Round 5: 2770; Round 6: 2704.

^fRound 1: 2020-04-22/2020-05-13; Round 2: 2020-05-14/2020-06-03; Round 3: 2020-06-04/2020-06-26; Round 4: 2020-07-27/2020-08-14; Round 5: 2020-08-24/2020-09-17; Round 6: 2020-09-21/2020-10-14. Survey Methodology document can be found at the following link: http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/107141590729601148/pdf/Survey-Methodology-Document.pdf.

^gThe study was conducted in Addis Ababa.

^hLongitudinal reports conducted by IFPRI in Addis Ababa [[12], [13], [14], 17] are part of the same study.

ⁱThis includes 1687 Younger Cohort respondents, aged 19, and 784 Older Cohort respondents, aged 25 years old.

^j100 commercial and small dairy farmers dairy processors, traders, development agents, urban retailers, and consumers in rural and urban Ethiopia.

^kRespondents were all beneficiaries of the fourth phase of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP4) and who also participate in the USAID-funded Strengthening PSNP4 Institutions and Resilience (SPIR) project.

^lThe study setting was rural Ethiopia: North Wollo and Wag Hemra zones in Amhara, and primarily in East and West Hararghe zones in Oromia.

^mThe study included one question asked about the variations of children's egg and fresh dairy product consumption.

ⁿFarmers included smallholders and investors (depending on the amount of land they were renting in) and they resided in the four major vegetable producing districts in East Shewa zone in the Oromia region (Adami Tulu, Bora, Dugda, and Lume). Urban wholesalers operated in Addis Ababa and urban retailers were located in five sub-cities in Addis Ababa.

^oThe population sample included urban poor households and “special segment” population (i.e. particularly vulnerable groups such as day labourers). The study was conducted in 10 selected cities in Ethiopia: Addis Ababa, Mekelle, Dire Dawa, Adama, Gambela, Bahir Dar, Jigjiga, Bule hora, Logia, and Semera. Participants were part of the Urban Productive Safety Net Project (UPSNP), households who own a small-scale business (SSB), and refugees/IDPs/returnees.

^pThe study was conducted in Jharkhand, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka.

^qAll respondents were farmers and producing vegetables.

^r1275 farmers in Haryana State and 240 farmers in Odisha State participated in the survey.

^sThe questionnaire was sent to random respondents in Kenya and Uganda using social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, Telegram, and Twitter), and via email.

^tThe study was included in 3 survey rounds with different sample sizes: Round1: 833; Round2: 850; Round3: 1674.

^uThe monthly surveys were collected based on a one-stage probabilistic sample of mobile telephone numbers which are randomly selected from the publicly available National Dialing Plan.

^vENCOVID-19 is a monthly telephone cross-sectional survey, representative at a national level of individuals 18 years and older who have a mobile phone.

^wFarmers in rural Nepal (Dang district of Province 5) and rural Senegal (across the country).

^xOnline panel discussion and phone surveys were conducted between mid-April 2020 and mid- October 2020 among 10 government officers and 15 civil society and NGO officials working at different administrative levels.

^yBy the time this study was finalised, the World Bank High-frequency Phone Survey in Nigeria had conducted 6 survey rounds (May-November 2020). Each round included a different sample sizes: Round1: 1,950; Round 2: 1,820; Round 3: 1,737; Round 4: 1,691; Round 5: 1,656; Round 6: 1,640

^zFull methodological details are reported here: https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3712.

^aaAll individuals were residents of the Informal settlement in the city of Tshwane and they are beneficiaries of relief supplies from humanitarian organisations.

^ab22 men and 9 women (>18 years old) who have a position of leadership in the community were interviewed in 23 coastal sites.

^acAll respondents were self-employed women and resided in the district of Ndola in Zambia.