Table 2.
The clinical data and diagnostic details of all included patients.
| Case | GBS clinical picture | Hughes scale | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Onset | Motor | Sensory | Reflex | Autonomic disturbances | Respiratory involvement | ||
| 1 | LEs ascending numbness bilaterally | Muscle weakness in lower limbs and left hand | Left tongue numbness and diminished facial sensation. | Generalized areflexia | None | No | 2 |
| 2 | Weakness and numbness of the extremities | A mild decrease in muscle strength of the limbs | Paresthesia of the four extremities | Absence of tendon reflex of the limbs. No pathological reflex. | None | No | 1 |
| 3 | Progressive bilateral LE weakness | Decreased strength in lower extremities | Slight impairment of touch and pinprick sensation, worsening back pain and painful burning in feet bilaterally | Bilaterally absent patellar and ankle reflexes | None | No | 6 |
| 4 | Bilateral finger and toe paresthesia followed by weakness of the lower and then upper limbs | Absent pinprick sensation and vibratory sensation | Generalized areflexia | Tachycardia hypotension | Respiratory distress | 6 | |
| 5 | Bilateral LE paresthesias, pain | Bilateral LE weakness and progressively worsened to a complete inability to ambulate | Diminished sensory perception in LEs, pinprick over all distal extremities, marked decrease in vibration sensation and absent proprioception in LEs | Generalized areflexia | None | No | 4 |
| 6 | Rapidly progressing weakness of LEs | Rapidly progressing upper limb weakness over 2 weeks | None | Normal | None | No | 3 |
| 7 | Progressive weakness and sensory disturbance in face and limbs | General weakness. slurred speech, double vision, difficulty swallowing, within 72 hours, rapidly worsening bulbar symptoms | Paresthesia of his hands and feet, an unsteady gait | Normal tone, power and deep tendon reflexes | None | Shortness of breath | 5 |
| 8 | Muscle weakness and fatigue | Severe proximodistal weakness in the UEs and LEs | Impairment of position sense, vibration, stereognosisn, and graphesthesia | Areflexia of the 4 limbs and absent pathologic reflexes | None | No | 3 |
| 9 | Paresthesia and burning pain arose in LEs, followed by a progressive bilateral weakness | Symmetric distal dominant weakness and dramatically worsened. Loss of fine motor control on distal UEs | Pain and sever numbness. | Hypoareflexia and decreased deep tendon reflexes | None | No | 4 |
| 10 | Severe, progressive, symmetric ascending weakness | The paralysis progressed to inability to stand and arm weakness Mild dysphagia |
Without sensory loss | Unobtainable deep tendon reflexes | None | Shortness of breath | 4 |
| 11 | Headache and generalized tiredness | Bilateral facial weakness, distal limb weakness | Progressive hand and feet numbness | Reduced deep tendon reflexes | None | No | 3 |
| 12 | Severe weakness of all extremities | Mild to moderate decrease in motor strength in all 4 extremities, LEs worse than UEs | Sensory loss of vibration/proprioception in bilateral LEs | Diminished reflexes in bilateral LEs but normal reflexes in bilateral UEs | None | No | 4 |
| 13 | LE pain, paresthesia and weakness | UE weakness and a lower motor neuron pattern of right-sided facial weakness Bilateral, predominantly distal LE weakness |
Reduced sensation | Generalized areflexia | None | No | 2 |
| 14 | Diplopia, muscle weakness, and numbness of extremities | Bed-bound Right external ophthalmoplegia, left facial nerve palsy and bulbar palsy, severe muscle weakness |
Bilateral facial dysesthesia | Absent deep-tendon reflexes | None | No | 4 |
| 15 | Generalized weakness | Progressive weakness in the bilateral LEs greater than the UEs | Without sensory loss | Absent deep tendon reflexes in the bilateral UEs and LEs | None | No | 3 |
| 16 | Progressive weakness in the bilateral LEs and then spreading to the bilateral UEs | A strength of 2/5 in the bilateral UEs and 0/5 in the bilateral LEs and no bulbar muscle weakness | Without sensory loss | Areflexia | None | Requiring mechanical ventilation | 4 |
| 17 | Paresthesias in distal LEs bilaterally | Ascending weakness | Ascending paresthesias | Loss of deep tendon reflexes | None | No | 2 |
| 18 | Muscle weakness of the LEs | Weakness rapidly progressed and became bed-bound | Paresthesias of the distal limbs | Absence of deep tendon reflexes of the four extremities | None | No | 4 |
| 19 | Bilateral thigh weakness and paresthesia of the soles of his feet | LEs weakness, worsened rapidly | Pain and numbness. Vibration in the toes impaired |
Tendon reflexes in the LEs were absent. | None | No | 3 |
| 20 | Bilateral ptosis and external ophthalmoplegia | Proximal upper and lower limb weakness, neck flexion weakness | Marked truncal and limb ataxia were evident accompanied by impaired proprioception. | Areflexia | None | No | 2 |
| 21 | Rapidly progressive numbness and tingling sensation in both hands and feet, generalized muscle weakness with multiple falls | Severe distal and proximal muscle weakness in both upper and lower extremities | Loss of all sensory modalities in distal upper and lower extremities | Generalized areflexia | None | No | 4 |
| 22 | Muscular weakness in both legs and peripheral paresthesias | Muscular weakness in both legs | Formication in both hands, bilateral hypoesthesia of the legs up to the upper thigh | Absent tendon reflexes in both legs | None | No | 1 |
| 23 | Progressive LE weakness | Progressive and ascending muscle weakness | Without sensory loss | Absent deep tendon reflexes | None | No | 4 |
| 24 | Tonically dilated pupil, gastrointestinal dysmotility, urinary retention, and profound orthostatic hypotension | Worsening dysarthria, generalized weakness | Ascending paresthesias, absent proprioception | Absent deep tendon reflexes | None | No | 5 |
| 25 | Painful paresthesia in the extremities | Proximal loss of antigravity power and loss of independent mobility | Sensory loss | Absent reflexes | Nausea, postural hypotension constipation | No | 4 |
| 26 | Fatigue and bilateral LE weakness | Profound weakness in lower extremities, progressive loss of motor function | Tingling sensation in feet, progressive loss of sensory function | Loss of deep tendon reflexes in all extremities associated with complete lack of strength | None | Respiratory muscle paralysis | 5 |
| 27 | Pruritus, abdominal meteorism, and natisea | Symmetrical weakness in the 4 limbs | Mild bilateral hypoesthesia in the extremities | Disappearance of deep tendon reflexes | Abdominal meteorism and natisea | Worsening of the respiratory function | 6 |
| 28 | Paresthesias of the feet and fingertips and unsteady gait | A mild tetraparesis | Sensory loss in both hands and feet | Generalized areflexia | None | No | 5 |
| 29 | Dysesthesia (numbness and tingling) at the hands and feet | Rapidly ascending loss of motor function | Rapidly ascending loss of sensory function | Loss of the deep tendon reflexes | None | Respiratory insufficiency | 5 |
| 30 | Paresthesia and hypoesthesia of all limbs | Rapidly followed by symmetrical motor weakness in legs Peripheral facial paralysis |
Paresthesia and hypoesthesia | Areflexia in the legs | None | No | 6 |
| 31 | Painful fingers and loss of taste | Weakness in all extremities | Sensory loss in all extremities | Areflexia in both legs | None | Respiratory function was affected | 6 |
| 32 | Muscular pains in his arms and legs without paralysis | Loss of motor functions in the hands and LEs | Loss of sensor functions in the hands and LEs | Areflexia of LEs | None | The respiratory function preserved | 4 |
| 33 | Ascending weakness, paresthesia, and sensory loss progressive | Weakness of the legs | Sensory disturbances of the lower extremities | Areflexia | None | The respiratory function preserved | 3 |
LEs: lower extremities; UEs: upper extremities.