Table 5.
Unadjusted multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analyzing the relationship between disease-specific features and oral variables, with the dichotomized outcome variable presence of caries (d1-5fs/D1-5FS > 0 or = 0) in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
| Respondents, n | OR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| JIA category | |||
| Oligoarthritis persistent | 77 | 1 | 0.29* |
| Systemic arthritis | 7 | 0.93 (0.17–5.17) | 0.94 |
| Oligoarthritis extended | 20 | 1.88 (0.65–5.43) | 0.24 |
| Polyarthritis, RF positive | 4 | 3.07 (0.38–24.83) | 0.29 |
| Polyarthritis, RF negative | 49 | 2.19 (0.99–4.85) | 0.05 |
| Psoriatic arthritis | 8 | 2.99 (0.67–13.34) | 0.15 |
| Enthesitis-related arthritis | 23 | 0.64 (0.21–1.96) | 0.44 |
| Undifferentiated arthritis | 31 | 0.84 (0.31–2.26) | 0.74 |
| Steroids, ongoing | |||
| No steroids ongoing | 215 | 1 | Ref |
| Steroids ongoing | 4 | 2.31 (0.26–20.58) | 0.45 |
| Steroids, ever used | |||
| No steroids ever used | 172 | 1 | Ref |
| Steroids ever used | 47 | 1.30 (0.63–2.71) | 0.48 |
| DMARDs, ongoing | |||
| No sDMARDs nor bDMARDs ongoing | 73 | 1 | 0.78* |
| sDMARDs, but no bDMARDs ongoing | 60 | 0.82 (0.37–1.79) | 0.61 |
| bDMARDs ongoing (with or without sDMARDs) | 86 | 1.06 (0.52–2.16) | 0.88 |
| DMARDs, ever used** | |||
| No sDMARDs nor bDMARDs ever used | 51 | 1 | 0.61* |
| sDMARDs, but no bDMARDs ever used | 79 | 1.32 (0.58–3.01) | 0.50 |
| bDMARDs ever used (with or without sDMARDs) | 89 | 1.48 (0.66–3.31) | 0.34 |
| Age at JIA onset | |||
| ≤ 6 years | 110 | 1 | Ref |
| > 6 years | 109 | 1.66 (0.90–3.07) | 0.11 |
| Disease duration | |||
| ≤ 5 years | 117 | 1 | Ref |
| > 5 years | 102 | 1.35 (0.73–2.48) | 0.34 |
| Remission status*** | |||
| Inactive disease/remission on/off medication | 130 | 1 | ref |
| Continued activity/flare | 89 | 1.16 (0.63–2.16) | 0.63 |
| MDgloVAS | |||
| VAS = 0 | 140 | 1 | Ref |
| VAS > 0 | 79 | 1.26 (0.67–2.37) | 0.48 |
| PRgloVAS**** | |||
| VAS = 0 | 106 | 1 | Ref |
| VAS > 0 | 108 | 1.24 (0.67–2.29) | 0.49 |
| CHAQ hygiene item tooth brushing**** | |||
| Without any difficulty | 203 | 1 | Ref |
| With some/much difficulty/unable to do/not applicable | 11 | 1.03 (0.26–4.09) | 0.96 |
| Jaw | |||
| Mandible | 1 | Ref | |
| Maxilla | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) | 0.86 | |
| Side | |||
| Right side | 1 | Ref | |
| Left side | 1.14 (0.88–1.46) | 0.33 | |
| Surface | |||
| A: Buccal | 1DE | < 0.01* | |
| B: Distal | 0.82 (0.49–1.38)DE | 0.46 | |
| C: Lingual | 0.74 (0.44–1.26)DE | 0.27 | |
| D: Mesial | 2.44 (1.56–3.82)ABCE | < 0.01 | |
| E: Occlusal | 6.30 (4.11–9.66)ABCD | < 0.01 | |
| ICC | 0.47 | ||
RF, Rheumatoid Factor; sDMARDs, synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; bDMARDs, biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; MDgloVAS, Physician's global assessment of disease activity; PRgloVAS, Patient's global assessment of overall wellbeing; CHAQ, Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire; ICC, intra-class correlation coefficient
*Overall p value. Surfaces statistically significant in post-hoc analyses are marked with the superscript letters of the pertinent surfaces. Scheffe adjusted p values in post-hoc analyses p < 0.05. For ‘JIA category’, ‘other medication ongoing and ever used’, and post- hoc analysis showed no differences (all p values > 0.05). **Include both previously used and ongoing medication. ***Disease activity according to Wallace and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) provisional criteria [43, 44]. ****Responses (n = 5) are missing