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. 2021 Aug 25;21:870. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06902-6

Table 2.

Comparisons of demographic characteristics, previous health care utilization, and comorbidities between cases and controls

Variables Cases Controls p value
N = 300 N = 300
Sociodemographic
 Sex, female (%) 134 (44.7) 143 (47.7) 0.478
 Age (years), mean (SD) 65 (17.74) 65.1 (18.31) -
 Age group, n (%) 0.945
  20–49 63 (21.0) 66 (22.0)
  50–64 72 (24.0) 64 (21.3)
  65–74 58 (19.3) 57 (19.0)
  75–84 64 (21.3) 69 (23.0)
  ≥85 43 (14.3) 44 (14.7)
 Marital status, single (%) 79 (26.3) 93 (31.0) 0.338
 Religion, yes (%) 231 (77.0) 246 (82.0) 0.119
 Education, ≤elementary school (%) 127 (43.2) 135 (45.9) 0.507
 Area of residence, urban (%) 240 (80.0) 235 (78.3) 0.671
Health care utilization in the past 6 months
 No. of outpatient visits, mean (SD) 7.52 (8.17) 235 (5.43) <0.001
 No. of hospitalizations, mean (SD) 0.98 (1.39) 0.11 (0.47) <0.001
 No. of emergency visits, mean (SD) 1.98 (2.23) 1.11 (1.17) <0.001
Comorbidities in the past 1 year
 No. of diagnoses, mean (SD) 8.55 (6.43) 5.26 (5.15) <0.001
 Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) 5.24 (5.66) 3.12 (4.76) <0.001
 Diseases, n (%)
  Cancer 72 (24.0) 44 (14.7) 0.004
  Moderate to severe renal disease 68 (22.7) 58 (19.3) 0.316
  Diabetes 48 (16.0) 31 (10.3) 0.040
  Diabetes with end organ damage 45 (15.0) 42 (14.0) 0.728
  Chronic pulmonary diseases 38 (12.7) 20 (6.7) 0.013
  Congestive heart failure 22 (7.3) 18 (6.0) 0.513
  Cerebrovascular diseases 21 (7.0) 19 (6.3) 0.743
  Mild liver disease 19 (6.3) 10 (3.3) 0.087
  Peptic ulcer disease 17 (5.7) 19 (6.3) 0.731
  Dementia 15 (5.0) 14 (4.7) 0.849
  Myocardial infarction 12 (4.0) 5 (1.7) 0.085
  Moderate to severe liver disease 10 (3.3) 0 0 0.001
  Connective tissue diseases 8 (2.7) 4 (1.3) 0.243
  Metastatic cancer 8 (2.7) 3 (1.0) 0.128
  Peripheral vascular diseases 7 (2.3) 2 (0.7) 0.176

SD standard deviation