Table 2.
Comparisons of demographic characteristics, previous health care utilization, and comorbidities between cases and controls
| Variables | Cases | Controls | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 300 | N = 300 | ||||
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Sex, female (%) | 134 | (44.7) | 143 | (47.7) | 0.478 |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 65 | (17.74) | 65.1 | (18.31) | - |
| Age group, n (%) | 0.945 | ||||
| 20–49 | 63 | (21.0) | 66 | (22.0) | |
| 50–64 | 72 | (24.0) | 64 | (21.3) | |
| 65–74 | 58 | (19.3) | 57 | (19.0) | |
| 75–84 | 64 | (21.3) | 69 | (23.0) | |
| ≥85 | 43 | (14.3) | 44 | (14.7) | |
| Marital status, single (%) | 79 | (26.3) | 93 | (31.0) | 0.338 |
| Religion, yes (%) | 231 | (77.0) | 246 | (82.0) | 0.119 |
| Education, ≤elementary school (%) | 127 | (43.2) | 135 | (45.9) | 0.507 |
| Area of residence, urban (%) | 240 | (80.0) | 235 | (78.3) | 0.671 |
| Health care utilization in the past 6 months | |||||
| No. of outpatient visits, mean (SD) | 7.52 | (8.17) | 235 | (5.43) | <0.001 |
| No. of hospitalizations, mean (SD) | 0.98 | (1.39) | 0.11 | (0.47) | <0.001 |
| No. of emergency visits, mean (SD) | 1.98 | (2.23) | 1.11 | (1.17) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities in the past 1 year | |||||
| No. of diagnoses, mean (SD) | 8.55 | (6.43) | 5.26 | (5.15) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 5.24 | (5.66) | 3.12 | (4.76) | <0.001 |
| Diseases, n (%) | |||||
| Cancer | 72 | (24.0) | 44 | (14.7) | 0.004 |
| Moderate to severe renal disease | 68 | (22.7) | 58 | (19.3) | 0.316 |
| Diabetes | 48 | (16.0) | 31 | (10.3) | 0.040 |
| Diabetes with end organ damage | 45 | (15.0) | 42 | (14.0) | 0.728 |
| Chronic pulmonary diseases | 38 | (12.7) | 20 | (6.7) | 0.013 |
| Congestive heart failure | 22 | (7.3) | 18 | (6.0) | 0.513 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 21 | (7.0) | 19 | (6.3) | 0.743 |
| Mild liver disease | 19 | (6.3) | 10 | (3.3) | 0.087 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 17 | (5.7) | 19 | (6.3) | 0.731 |
| Dementia | 15 | (5.0) | 14 | (4.7) | 0.849 |
| Myocardial infarction | 12 | (4.0) | 5 | (1.7) | 0.085 |
| Moderate to severe liver disease | 10 | (3.3) | 0 | 0 | 0.001 |
| Connective tissue diseases | 8 | (2.7) | 4 | (1.3) | 0.243 |
| Metastatic cancer | 8 | (2.7) | 3 | (1.0) | 0.128 |
| Peripheral vascular diseases | 7 | (2.3) | 2 | (0.7) | 0.176 |
SD standard deviation