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. 2021 Aug 26;11:17282. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96719-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SBF affects the morphology of osteoblasts. phOBs (representative donor) under standard osteogenic culture conditions (A). phOBs after treatment with S. aureus SBF100 for 72 h (B) and S. epidermidis SBF100 after 72 h (C). Image A represent the characteristic appearance of osteoblasts in CO media. The cell membranes of treated phOBs (B,C) revealed different types of cell membrane damage, which could be induced by the different soluble factors of biofilm from S. aureus or S. epidermidis.