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. 2021 Apr 20;11(5):465–487. doi: 10.1007/s13659-021-00305-0

Table 2.

Pharmacologically active compounds (1–131) from Dendrobium plants

No. Name Type Source Pharmacological activitiesa References
1 Batatasin III Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Antiaging (collagen production: EC50 3.2 μg/mL), anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 21.9 μM), and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 50.1 μg/mL) [20, 49]
2 3,3ʹ,5-Trihydroxybibenzyl Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 13.1 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: 85.8 μM) [20]
Tyrosinase-inhibitory (IC50 37.9 μg/mL) [49]
3 3,4ʹ-Dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (ABTS: 5.3 μM) [66]
4 3-Hydroxy-4ʹ,5-dimethoxybibenzyl Bibenzyls D. heterocarpum Anti-inflammatory [15]
5 4,4ʹ-Dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 49.3 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 94.5 μM) [20]
6 3,3ʹ-Dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl Bibenzyls D. williamsonii Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 19.5 μM) [74]
7 Gigantol Bibenzyls D. draconis Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 17.7 μM) [47]
D. heterocarpum Anti-inflammatory [15]
D. loddigesii Antioxidant [49]
D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 32.9 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 56.4 μM) [23]
Dendrobium species Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus: MIC 82.2 μg/mL) [32, 33]
8 Tristin Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Antioxidant [49]
D. officinale Antioxidant (ABTS: IC50 9.0 μΜ; DPPH: IC50 34.5 μM) [66]
9 Moscatilin Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Antioxidant [49]
D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 27.6 and 36.8 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 14.5 μM) [22, 23]
D. secundum Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 5.1 μM) [70]
D. williamsonii Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 8.5 μM) [74]
10 Dendrobin A Bibenzyls D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 40.3 μM) [23]
11 Chrysotoxine Bibenzyls D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 14.0 μM) [23]
12 Dendrocandin E Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 15.6 μM) [61]
13 4,5,4ʹ-Trihydroxy-3,3ʹ-dimethoxybibenzyl Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Antioxidant [49]
D. secundum Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 15.9 μM) [70]
14 Erianin Bibenzyls D. chrysotoxum Antibacterial (srtA: IC50 20.9 μg/mL) [34, 35]
Anti-psoriasis [75]
15 Crepidatin Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Antioxidant [49]
D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 21.8 μM) [23]
16 Chrysotobibenzyl Bibenzyls D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 48.2 μM) [23]
17 Aphyllone B Bibenzyls D. aphyllum Antioxidant [42]
18 Dendrocandin C Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 34.2 μM) [61]
19 Dendrocandin D Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 34.5 μM) [61]
20 (S)-3,4,α-trihydroxy-5,4ʹ-dimethoxybibenzyl Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 32.3 μM) [64]
21 Nobilin D Bibenzyls D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 15.3 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 19.9 μM) [23]
22 Nobilin A Bibenzyls D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 87.1 μM) [56]
23 Nobilin B Bibenzyls D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 32.2 μM) [56]
24 Nobilin C Bibenzyls D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 47.4 μg/mL) [56]
25 Loddigesiinol C Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 23.7 μM) [19]
26 Loddigesiinol D Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 69.7 μM) [19]
27 Crepidatuol B Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Antioxidant [50]
28 Trigonopol B Bibenzyls D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 26.3 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 60.1 μM) [20]
29 Dendrocandin F Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 55.8 μM) [62]
30 Dendrocandin G Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 32.4 μM) [62]
31 Dendrocandin J Bibenzyls D. officinale Aantioxidant (DPPH: IC50 36.8 μM) [63]
32 Dendrocandin K Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 70.2 μM) [63]
33 Nobilin E Bibenzyls D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 19.2 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 21.0 μM) [23]
34 Dendrocandin H Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 32.4 μM) [62]
35 Dendrocandin L Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 45.0 μM) [63]
36 (−)-Dendroparishiol Bibenzyls D. parishii Anti-inflammatory [28]
37 Dendrocandin M Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 60.5 μM) [63]
38 6ʺ-De-O-methyldendrofindlaphenol A Bibenzyls D. findlayanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 21.4 μM) [14]
39 Dendrocandin I Bibenzyls D. heterocarpum Anti-inflammatory [15]
D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 21.3 μM) [62]
40 Dendrocandin P Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 22.3 μM) [63]
41 Dendrocandin Q Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 30.3 μM) [63]
42 Dendrocandin N Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 87.6 μM) [63]
43 Dendrocandin O Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 50.4 μM) [63]
44 Dendrocandin U Bibenzyls D. officinale Antioxidant (ABTS: IC50 10.0 μM) [66]
45 Moscatin (plicatol B) Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 6.3 μM) [13]
D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 6.4 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 59.8 μM) [19, 50]
46 5-Hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene Phenanthrenes D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 5.3 μM) [19]
47 Confusarin Phenanthrenes D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 12.9 μM) [57]
48 Fimbriol B Phenanthrenes D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 28.9 μM) [22]
49 Flavanthrinin Phenanthrenes D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 35.7 μM) [57]
50 5,7-Dimethoxyphenanthrene-2,6-diol Phenanthrenes D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 37.7 μM) [22]
Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 29.7 μM) [57]
51 3,4,8-Trimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol Phenanthrenes D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 20.4 μM) [22]
52 Loddigesiinol A Phenanthrenes D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 2.6 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 26.1 μM) [19]
53 2,5-Dihydroxy-4,9-dimethoxyphenanthrene Phenanthrenes D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 34.8 μM) [57]
54 Lusianthridin Phenanthrenes D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 4.6 μM) and antioxidant (IC50 62.2 μM) [19]
D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 9.6 μM) [22]
55 Hircinol Phenanthrenes D. draconis Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 22.3 μM) [47]
D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 29.2 μM) [19]
D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 26.4 μM) [22]
56 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene-2,4,7-triol Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 32.7 μM) [13]
D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 8.6 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 14.1 μM) [20, 50]
57 2-Methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-4,5-diol Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 7.6 μM) [13]
58 Coelonin Phenanthrenes D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 10.2 μM) [22]
59 7-Methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,4,5-triol Phenanthrenes D. draconis Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 10.2 μM) [47]
60 Erianthridin Phenanthrenes D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 19.5 μM) [22]
61 Flavanthridin Phenanthrenes D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 34.1 μM) [22]
62 Epheneranthol C Phenanthrenes D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 17.6 μM) [22]
63 Ephemeranthol A Phenanthrenes D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 12.0 μM) [22]
64 Rotundatin (plicatol C) Phenanthrenes D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 29.1 μM) [19]
65 (S)-4-Methoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2,5,9-triol Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 27.4 μM) [13]
66 (S)-5-Methoxy-2,4,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 3.1 μM) [13]
67 (S)-4-Methoxy-2,5,7,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 4.2 μM) [13]
68 Denbinobin Phenanthrenes D. moniliforme Anti-inflammatory [21]
69 5-Methoxy-7-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-1,4-phenanthrenequinone Phenanthrenes D. draconis Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 72.6 μg/mL) [47]
70 Fimbriatone Phenanthrenes D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 40.8 μg/mL) [57]
71 Loddigesiinol B Phenanthrenes D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 9.9 and 10.9 μM) [19, 20]
72 Loddigesiinol I phenanthrenes D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 7.5 μM) [20]
73 Loddigesiinol J Phenanthrenes D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 14.6 μM) [20]
74 Chrysotoxol A Phenanthrenes D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 10.9 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 23.2 μM) [20]
75 Dendrochrysanene Phenanthrenes D. chrysanthum Anti-inflammatory [9]
76 2,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 4.6 μM) [13]
77 2,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 16.9 μM) [13]
78 2,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxy-phenanthrene 2-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 41.5 μM) [13]
79 (9R)-1,2,5,9-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene 5-O-β-d-glucopyranoside Phenanthrenes D. denneanum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 0.7 μM) [13]
80 Shihunine Alkaloids D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 11.5 μg/mL) [18]
81 Anosmine Alkaloids D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 16.1 μg/mL) [18]
82 (+)-Homocrepidine A Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 3.6 μM) [11]
83 (−)-Homocrepidine A Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 22.8 μM) [11]
84 Homocrepidine B Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 27.6 μM) [11]
85 (+)-Dendrocrepidamine A Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 16.1 μM) [12]
86 Dendrocrepidamine B Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 14.3 μM) [12]
87 (−)-Crepidine Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 29.9 μM) [12]
88 (+)-Crepidine Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 81.9 μM) [12]
89 (−)-Dendrocrepidine A Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 18.5 μM) [12]
90 (+)-Dendrocrepidine A Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 30.2 μM) [12]
91 (−)-Isocrepidamine Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 16.3 μM) [12]
92 (+)-Isocrepidamine Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 73.0 μM) [12]
93 Dendrocrepidine B Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 51.8 μM) [10]
94 Dendrocrepidine C Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 29.7 μM) [10]
95 Dendrocrepidine D Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 40.1 μM) [10]
96 Dendrocrepidine E Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 35.2 μM) [10]
97 (−)-Dendrocrepidine F Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 13.3 μM) [10]
98 (+)-Dendrocrepidine F Alkaloids D. crepidatum Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 42.7 μM) [10]
99 Neoechinulin A Alkaloids D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 50.0 μM) [20]
100 Moupinamide Alkaloids D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 53.8 μM) [65]
101 Dihydroferuloyltyramine Alkaloids D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 35.8 μg/mL) [65]
102 Apigenin Flavonoids D. williamsonii Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 19.3 μM) [74]
103 Quercetin Flavonoids D. tosaense Antioxidant [54]
104 Naringenin Flavonoids D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 26.9 μM) [20]
105 3′,5,5′,7-Tetrahydroxyflavanone Flavonoids D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 29.8 μM) [65]
106 5,4ʹ-Dihydroxy-7,3ʹ,5ʹ-trimethoxyflavanone Flavonoids D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 24.9 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 78.9 μg/mL) [20]
107 5,7,4ʹ-Trihydroxy-3ʹ,5ʹ-dimethoxyflavanone Flavonoids D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 19.1 μM) [20]
108 Vicenin 2 (vicenin II) Flavonoids D. officinale Anti-inflammatory (TNF-α: IC50 6.8 μM; NO: IC50 3.9 μM) [25, 26]
109 Dihydroconiferyl alcohol Phenylpropanoids D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 50.9 μM) [56]
110 Coniferylaldehyde Phenylpropanoids D. nobile Antioxidant (IC50 22.8 μg/mL) [56]
111 Ferulic acid Phenylpropanoids D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 64.9 μM) [65]
D. secundum Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 37.5 μM) [70]
112 6-Feruloyloxyhexanoic ester Phenylpropanoids Dendrobium cv. Sonia Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 29.6 μM) [29]
113 Threo-7-O-ethyl-9-O-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl-guaiacylglycerol Phenylpropanoids D. loddigesii Antioxidant [49]
114 Dihydroconiferyl dihydro-p-coumarate Phenylpropanoids D. loddigesii Antioxidant [49]
D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 78.2 μM) [65]
115 p-Hydroxyphenethyl trans-ferulate Phenylpropanoids D. loddigesii Antioxidant [49]
116 n-Tetracosyl trans-ferulate Phenylpropanoids D. moniliforme Antioxidant [54]
117 n-Pentacosyl trans-ferulate Phenylpropanoids D. moniliforme Antioxidant [54]
118 (−)-Pinoresinol Lignans D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 89.5 μM) [19]
119 Pinoresinol Lignans D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 60.6 μM) [57]
Dendrobium cv. Sonia Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 26.3 μM) [29]
120 (−)-Medioresinol Lignans D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 5.0 μM) [19]
121 Medioresinol Lignans D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 27.9 μM) [57]
122 Syringaresinol Lignans D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 1.9 μM) and antioxidant (IC50 31.1 μM) [20]
D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 9.8 μM) [57]
D. secundum Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 11.4 μM) [70]
Dendrobium cv. Sonia Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 27.7 μM) [29]
123 Lirioresinol A Lignans D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 30.9 μM) [57]
124 Sesqui-illisimonan A Lignans Dendrobium cv. Sonia Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 31.6 μM) [29]
125 Dendrocoumarin Benzocoumarins D. nobile Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus: MIC 2.5 μg/mL; Micrococcus tetragenus: MIC 5.0 μg/mL) [36]
126 Itolide A Benzocoumarins D. nobile Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus: MIC 2.5 μg/mL; Micrococcus tetragenus: MIC 5.0 μg/mL) [36]
127 Dendroflorin Fluorenones D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 13.4 μg/mL) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 16.2 μM) [23]
D. palpebrae Antioxidant [69]
128 Nobilone Fluorenones D. nobile Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 38.1 μg/mL) [23]
129 3,6,9-Trihydroxy-3,4-dihydroanthracen-1-(2H)-one Anthracenes D. loddigesii Anti-inflammatory (NO: IC50 43.8 μM) and antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 22.8 μM) [20]
130 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylethanol Phenylethanoids D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 64.5 μM) [56]
131 Syringic acid Benzoic acid derivatives D. nobile Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 8.1 μM) [56]
D. officinale Antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 36.5 μM) [65]

aPharmacological data with EC50, IC50, or MIC values are presented herein. Other data can be found in the text