Multinomial regression showing the baseline association of urine
biomarkers of kidney tubule injury and dysfunction with frailty index status
(each modeled as “per 2-fold higher” with frailty compared with
fit older adults [less fit group omitted]). Models were adjusted for age, sex,
race, BMI, alcohol use, years of education, insurance status, SBP and DBP,
smoking status, urine creatinine, eGFR, and albuminuria. IL-18, interleukin-18;
KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated
lipocalin; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; β2M,
β2-microglobulin; A1M, α1-microglobulin; Umod, uromodulin.