Table 3.
Cross-Sectional Association between Urine Biomarkers of Kidney Tubule Injury and Dysfunction and Cognitive Function in 2253 SPRINT Participants with CKD
| Biomarker | MoCA Score |
MoCA Score < 24 |
|---|---|---|
| (Range 5–30) | (n=1298, 58%) | |
| β coefficient (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Log 2 IL-18, pg/mL | ||
| Unadjusted | −0.11 (−0.26, 0.04) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) |
| Adjusteda | −0.04 (−0.22, 0.14) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) |
| Adjusted + eGFR & albuminb | −0.04 (−0.22, 0.15) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) |
| Log 2 NGAL, ng/mL | ||
| Unadjusted | −0.11 (−0.22, −0.01)* | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) |
| Adjusteda | −0.04 (−0.18, 0.10) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) |
| Adjusted + eGFR & albumin | −0.03 (−0.17, 0.11) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.12) |
| Log 2 YKL-40, pg/mL | ||
| Unadjusted | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.02)* | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) |
| Adjusteda | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.09) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) |
| Adjusted + eGFR & albumin | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) |
| Log 2 KIM-1, pg/mL | ||
| Unadjusted | −0.11 (−0.23, 0.01) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14)* |
| Adjusteda | −0.13 (−0.27, 0.02) | 1.06 (0.96, 1.16) |
| Adjusted + eGFR & albuminb | −0.12 (−0.28, 0.03) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) |
| Log 2 MCP-1, pg/mL | ||
| Unadjusted | −0.29 (−0.43, −0.14)*** | 1.15 (1.07, 1.23)*** |
| Adjusteda | −0.14 (−0.30, 0.03) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.20) |
| Adjusted + eGFR & albuminb | −0.13 (−0.31, 0.04) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) |
| Log 2 α1M, mg/g | ||
| Unadjusted | −0.26 (−0.41, −0.11)** | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21)** |
| Adjusteda | −0.10 (−0.28, 0.07) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) |
| Adjusted + eGFR & albuminb | −0.08 (−0.29, 0.12) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.18) |
| Log 2 β2M, ng/mL | ||
| Unadjusted | −0.11 (−0.17, −0.04)** | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07)* |
| Adjusteda | −0.09 (−0.17, −0.01)* | 1.04 (0.99, 1.10) |
| Adjusted + eGFR & albuminb | −0.09 (−0.17, −0.01)* | 1.05 (0.99, 1.10) |
| Log 2 Umod, ng/mL | ||
| Unadjusted | 0.08 (−0.11, 0.27) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) |
| Adjusteda | −0.13 (−0.35, 0.10) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) |
| Adjusted + eGFR & albuminb | −0.19 (−0.43, 0.05) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) |
| Log 2 urine albumin, mg/L | ||
| Unadjusted | −0.15 (−0.23, −0.06)** | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09)* |
| Adjusteda | −0.03 (−0.13, 0.07) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.06) |
| Adjusted + eGFR | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.09) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) |
Note.IL-18, interleukin-18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; β2M, β2-microglobulin; A1M, α1-microglobulin; Umod, uromodulin. Unadjusted models include urine creatinine
a
Adjusted for age, race, sex, body mass index, alcohol use, years of education, insurance status, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, smoking status, and urine creatinine.
b
Adjusted for all variables listed above and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and Log2 albumin.