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. 2021 Aug 26;11:17278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96792-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of encoding condition and word type on EMG responses. Performing and observing gestures during word encoding (VGOP) enhanced EMG responses at test compared with encoding based only on the written wordform (V), encoding enriched with illustrations (VI), and encoding enriched with observed gestures (VGO). n = 28 participants. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. *p < .05.