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. 2021 Aug 26;11:17278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96792-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of encoding condition and word type on free recall accuracy. Words correctly recalled (%) per condition in the free recall task by encoding condition and word type. Participants recalled significantly more concrete words than abstract words. Each of the encoding conditions included 16 words. Assignment of words to encoding conditions was counterbalanced across participants. Encoding conditions: V = visual, VI = image, VGO = gesture observation, VGOP = gesture observation and self-performance. n = 28 participants. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. **p < .01.