Table 2.
Details on antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
| Characteristic | Numbers (%) |
|---|---|
| Infection management and ASP | |
| ASP available in the ICU | 499 (63%) |
| Any restriction of antimicrobials | 478 (62%) |
| Availability of local treatment guidelines | 619 (82%) |
| Quantitative monitoring of antimicrobial use | 409 (56%) |
| Availability of cumulative antimicrobial susceptibility reports | 506 (70%) |
| Use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) | 435 (61%) |
| Use of prolonged/continuous infusion of antimicrobials | 539 (76%) |
| Implementation of restriction of antimicrobials | |
| Antibiotic order forms | 198 (41%) |
| Pre-authorization | 156 (33%) |
| Post-authorization | 125 (26%) |
| Post-prescription review | 130 (27%) |
| Telephone feedback | 114 (24%) |
| Formulary restriction | 89 (19%) |
| Mandatory bedside consultation | 91 (19%) |
| Computerized alerts | 56 (12%) |
| Automatic stop orders | 43 (9%) |
| Availability of guidelines/standards | |
| De-escalation of therapy | 410 (50%) |
| Duration of therapy | 377 (46%) |
| Dose optimization | 357 (44%) |
| Discontinuation | 266 (33%) |
| Antimicrobials with available TDM | |
| Glycopeptides | 387 (89%) |
| Aminoglycosides | 333 (77%) |
| Carbapenems | 138 (32%) |
| Penicillins | 131 (30%) |
| Azole antifungals | 117 (27%) |
| Cephalosporins | 76 (17%) |
| Linezolid | 68 (16%) |
| Echinocandin antifungals | 66 (15%) |
| Colistin | 52 (12%) |
| Quinolones | 44 (10%) |
| Daptomycin | 36 (8%) |
| Antimicrobials with prolonged/continuous infusion | |
| Penicillins | 410 (76%) |
| Carbapenems | 405 (75%) |
| Glycopeptides | 269 (50%) |
| Cephalosporins | 163 (30%) |
| Linezolid | 71 (13%) |
| Azole antifungals | 39 (7%) |