Table 2. Comparison between Single and Multiple Iodinated Contrast Medium Administrations.
| Parameter | Single-Dose Group | 0–4-Hour Group | 4–48-Hour Group | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 207 | 58 | 35 | |||
| Age, years | 67.6 (59.0, 76.8) | 69.1 (61.2, 76.7) | 70.6 (60.6, 74.9) | 0.214* | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 83 (40.1) | 28 (48.3) | 20 (57.1) | 0.410 | ||
| Female | 124 (59.9) | 30 (51.7) | 15 (42.9) | |||
| Baseline renal function | ||||||
| Baseline eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 80.1 (62.8, 93.3) | 75.7 (62.3, 89.4) | 70.5 (50.0, 102.6) | 0.017* | ||
| CKD stage | ||||||
| 1–2 | 161 (77.8) | 45 (77.6) | 22 (62.9) | |||
| 3 | 39 (18.8) | 12 (20.7) | 7 (20.0) | |||
| 4–5 | 7 (3.4) | 1 (1.7) | 6 (17.1) | |||
| Acute kidney injury comorbidity | 15 (7.2) | 8 (13.8) | 3 (8.6) | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 19 (9.2) | 4 (6.9) | 2 (5.7) | 0.013 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 14 (6.8) | 11 (19.0) | 3 (8.6) | 0.024 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 24 (11.6) | 10 (17.2) | 7 (20.0) | 1.000 | ||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 15 (7.2) | 10 (17.2) | 4 (11.4) | 0.489 | ||
| Dementia | 30 (14.5) | 5 (8.6) | 5 (14.3) | 0.223 | ||
| Peptic ulcer | 10 (4.8) | 3 (5.2) | 2 (5.7) | 1.000 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 163 (78.7) | 55 (94.8) | 26 (74.3) | 1.000 | ||
| Paralysis | 6 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.7) | 0.146 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 64 (30.9) | 14 (24.1) | 17 (48.6) | 0.046 | ||
| CKD | 21 (10.1) | 6 (10.3) | 8 (22.9) | 0.205 | ||
| Cancer | 68 (32.9) | 18 (31.0) | 16 (45.7) | 0.084 | ||
| Metastatic cancer | 27 (13.0) | 7 (12.1) | 8 (22.9) | 0.384 | ||
| Liver disease | 25 (12.1) | 6 (10.3) | 4 (11.4) | 0.751 | ||
| Drug | ||||||
| Antibiotics | 87 (42.0) | 34 (58.6) | 23 (65.7) | 0.003 | ||
| Vancomycin | 8 (3.9) | 4 (6.9) | 5 (14.3) | 0.649 | ||
| ARBs | 23 (11.1) | 7 (12.1) | 5 (14.3) | 0.523 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 12 (5.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.7) | 0.111 | ||
| Loop diuretics | 57 (27.5) | 26 (44.8) | 12 (34.3) | 0.001 | ||
| Hydrochlorothiazide | 7 (3.4) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0.146 | ||
| Immunosuppressant | 9 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.7) | 0.245 | ||
| NSAIDs | 118 (57.0) | 36 (62.1) | 18 (51.4) | 0.021 | ||
| Statins | 82 (39.6) | 27 (46.6) | 13 (37.1) | 0.062 | ||
| N-acetylcysteine | 24 (11.6) | 19 (32.8) | 12 (34.3) | 0.109 | ||
| ICM volume within 48 hours | ||||||
| Volume, mL | 73.7 (19.1) | 379.6 (144.3) | 205.6 (93.7) | 0.080 | ||
Unless otherwise specified, data are numbers of patients with percentages in parentheses. Data for age and baseline eGFR are presented as median values with interquartile ranges in parentheses and data for ICM volume within 48 hours as means with standard deviations in parentheses. p values are the result for the univariable analysis, which were analyzed either by the Mann-Whitney test (*) for continuous variables or the Fisher exact test for categorical variables. 0–4 hours and 4–48 hours represent minimum dosing interval of the multiple contrast media administrations. ARBs = angiotensin II receptor blockers, CKD = chronic kidney disease, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, ICM = iodinated contrast media, NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs