Figure 5.

Electrostatic potentials and PMFs under voltages. (a and b) Applied potential in green (±200 mV) and the electrostatic potential under voltage φ_v(z) in orange, and without voltage φ₀(z) in blue. The sum of applied potential and reaction potential (see Eq. 4) in shown in red. (c and d) Total PMF under a constant electric field (thick blue line) computed using Eq. 4. The intrinsic PMF in absence of an electric field (thin blue line) is obtained from milestoning, and the additional electrostatic potential energy introduced by the applied field (red line) is computed from (a and b). To see this figure in color, go online.