Table 1.
Characteristics of products investigated containing Ginkgo biloba.
| Pharmaceutical Herbal Products | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product Code | Origin * | Declaration on the Label (Main Compounds) | Formulation Presentation | Therapeutic Uses |
| P1 | Mexico | Dry extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves standardized to 8.8–10.8 mg flavonol glycosides and 2.16–4.80 mg terpene lactones, 40 mg per capsule | Herbal drug (capsules) | Treatment of memory decline, attention span, retention, and mental concentration |
| P2 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba 6c | Herbal drug (drops) | Memory |
| P3 | Mexico | Dry extract of Ginkgo biloba 40 mg standardized to 9.6 mg ginkgo flavone glycosides calculated as quercetin and kaempferol | Herbal drug (tablets) | Cerebral circulatory insufficiency, vertigo, tinnitus, memory impairment, motor disorders, mood disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, intermittent claudication, and neurosensory disorders of vascular origin in ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology |
| P4 | Mexico | Dry extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) 40 mg (standardized to 9.6 mg flavonoid glycosides calculated as quercetin and kaempferol) | Herbal drug (tablets) | Treatment of attention span, mental retention, reduction of recent memory, vasoprotective, and antioxidant |
| P5 | Mexico | Dry extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761®.…..40 mg (standardized to 9.6 mf flavonoid glycosides calculated as quercetin and kaempferol) | Herbal drug (tablets) | Cerebral circulatory insufficiency and its functional manifestations (vertigo, headache, impairment loss, motor and mood disorders). Sequelae of cerebral vascular accidents, peripheral vascular disorders, and neurosensory disorders of vascular origin (vertigo and tinnitus) |
| P6 | USA | Dry extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (Ginkgo) 50 mg | Herbal drug (tablets) | Improves memory |
| P7 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba 40 mg (dry extract of leaves), glutamic acid (250 mg), calcium phosphate dibasic dihydrate 120.24 mg, ascorbic acid (vitamin c) 20 mg, zinc sulfate monohydrate 13.73 mg, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) 0.533 mg, riboflavin (vitamin B2) 0.340 mg, thiamine (vitamin B1) 0.450 mg, cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) 0.533 mcg | Herbal drug (tablets) | Helps in attention and concentration loss; improves deficiencies of vitamins and minerals |
| P8 | Spain | Ginkgo biloba 7.86 g (dry extract) equivalent to 4.7 mg/g of flavonoids | Herbal drug (pharmaceutical suspension) | To treat recent reduction of memory, attention span, concentration, and vertigo |
| P9 | Mexico | Dry extract of Ginkgo biloba to 24% equivalent to 9.6 mg of flavone glycosides | Herbal drug (capsules) | To treat recent reduction of memory, the ability to maintain attention, concentration, retention, and vertigo |
| P10 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba 6c | Herbal drug (drops) | Memory impairment, circulation problems, and vertigo |
| Dietary supplements | ||||
| S1 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba, Achillea millefolium, Smilax aspera, Ammi visnaga, apple vinegar | Dietary supplement (infusion) | Treatment of varicose veins and hemorrhoids |
| S2 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba, Centella asiatica | Dietary supplement (drops) | Alzheimer, vertigo, dizziness, and memory loss |
| S3 | Mexico | Ginkgophyta, Olea europaea, Smilax aspera, Ferocactus wislizeni | Dietary supplement (drops) | Asthma attacks, bronchitis, allergies, urinary incontinence, infantile enuresis, bladder inflammation, vaginal candidiasis, kidney tonic, and sexual stimulant |
| S4 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba, soy lecithin, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) | Dietary supplements (capsules) | Recommended for diabetic people who have circulation problems, aid in the treatment of aging, stress, and depression |
| S5 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba L. (powdered leaves) | Dietary supplement (capsules) | To treat blood circulation, chronic headaches, and protect the neuronal and cardiovascular systems from aging |
| S6 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba (L. Salisburia adiantifolia Smith) | Dietary supplement (leaves) | Venotonic, neuroprotective, peripheral vasodilator, antiplatelet, anti-hemorrhoidal, and diuretic effects |
| S7 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba, L.), soy lecithin, grape (Vitis vinifera, L.), horsetail (Equisetum robustum, L.), Gorongoro (Gorongoro officinalis) | Dietary supplement (capsules) | To treat blood circulation problems, improve mental function, and treat chronic headaches and vertigo |
| S8 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba L. 40 mg (dry extract of leaf), glutamic acid 250 mg, dibasic calcium phosphate (equivalent to 28 mg of calcium) 120.24 mg, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 20 mg, zinc sulfate monohydrate (equivalent to 29 mg of zinc) 120.24 mg, riboflavin (vitamin B2) 0.340 mg, pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) 0.533 mg, thiamine monohydrate (vitamin B1) 0.450 mg, cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) 0.533 mcg, polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30, talcum powder, anhydrous lactose | Dietary supplement (tablets) | Strengthening memory, nerves, and treating circulation disorder, facial paralysis, and fatigue |
| S9 | Mexico | Vine (Vitis vinifera) leaf powder, olive (Olea europaea) leaf powder, Gorongoro (Gorongoro officinalis) plant powder. It is sold as Ginkgo biloba | Dietary supplement (capsules) | To treat arterial hypertension, and oxygenation in the tissues and the brain. Stimulates the immune system, and reduces cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood |
| S10 | Mexico | Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) | Dietary supplement (capsules) | To teat blood circulation, chronic headaches, and aging |
| S11 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba, magnesium stearate | Dietary supplement (tablets) | For the circulatory system |
| S12 | Mexico | Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Mikania (Mikania guaco), red grape (Vitis vinifera), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), ahuehuete (Taxodium mucronatum) | Dietary supplement (capsules) | Brain oxygenation, improves blood circulation and memory |
| S13 | Mexico | Vine (Vitis vinifera) leaf powder, olive (Olea europaea) leaf powder, Gorongoro (Gorongoro officinalis) plant powder. Is sold as Ginkgo biloba | Dietary supplement (capsules) | To treat arterial hypertension, for oxygenation in the tissues and brain, stimulates the immune system, and reduces cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood |
| Traditional herbal remedies | ||||
| T1 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba | Traditional herbal remedy (leaves) | Memory impairment |
| T2 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba | Traditional herbal remedy (leaves) | For the brain, Alzheimer’s disease, and the circulatory system |
| T3 | Mexico | Ginkgo biloba | Traditional herbal remedy (leaves) | Memory impairment and fatigue |
* Origin of products is according to what the manufacturer declares, but the origin of natural compounds is unknown.