Table 2.
Daily intake dose (µg/day) of different metals in pharmaceutical herbal products, dietary supplements, and traditional herbal remedies containing Ginkgo biloba.
| Pharmaceutical Herbal Products | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Product Code | Daily Intake (µg/Day) Mn (Mean ± SD) |
Daily Intake (µg/Day) Cu (Mean ± SD) |
Daily Intake (µg/Day) Pb (Mean ± SD) |
Daily Intake (µg/Day) As (Mean ± SD) |
Daily Intake (µg/Day) Cd (Mean ± SD) |
|||||
| P1 | 3.083 | ±0.940 | 4.006 | ±2.399 | 0.491 | ±0.024 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.029 | ±0.015 |
| P2 | 0.195 | ±0.112 | 1.476 | ±0.685 | 0.127 | ±0.035 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
| P3 | 1.536 | ±0.026 | 1.516 | ±0.146 | 0.189 | ±0.021 | 0.045 | ±0.022 | N.D. | N.D. |
| P4 | 0.655 | ±0.359 | 0.921 | ±0.114 | 0.188 | ±0.065 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.002 | ±0.000 |
| P5 | 0.657 | ±0.552 | 1.382 | ±1.445 | 0.178 | ±0.005 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.002 | ±0.000 |
| P6 | 14.945 | ±6.607 | 7.899 | ±6.619 | 0.223 | ±0.019 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.146 | ±0.044 |
| P7 | 16.434 | ±12.275 | 2.213 | ±0.828 | 0.249 | ±0.035 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.112 | ±0.034 |
| P8 | 9.911 | ±1.342 | 4.657 | ±3.531 | 0.139 | ±0.027 | 0.216 | ±0.048 | 0.006 | ±0.004 |
| P9 | 0.046 | ±0.002 | 0.907 | ±0.321 | 0.104 | ±0.002 | 0.090 | ±0.077 | N.D. | N.D. |
| P10 | 0.743 | ±0.256 | 3.013 | ±0.701 | 0.049 | ±0.052 | 0.067 | ±0.092 | 0.0008 | 0.0011 |
| Dietary supplements | ||||||||||
| S1 | 2.597 | ±0.110 | 3.209 | ±1.015 | 0.059 | ±0.072 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.004 | ±0.006 |
| S2 | 63.073 | ±2.372 | 8.460 | ±5.078 | 0.162 | ±0.102 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.007 | ±0.004 |
| S3 | 2.541 | ±2.204 | 6.590 | ±1.004 | 0.344 | ±0.079 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.009 | ±0.005 |
| S4 | 6.022 | ±1.310 | 2.853 | ±0.925 | 2.132 | ±0.108 | 1.743 | ±2.253 | 0.011 | ±0.011 |
| S5 | 72.666 | ±49.342 | 20.192 | ±0.210 | 2.956 | ±0.953 | 0.549 | ±0.598 | 0.156 | ±0.060 |
| S6 | 89.234 | ±49.999 | 218.332 | ±4.277 | 15.187 | ±0.191 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.334 | ±0.093 |
| S7 | 59.846 | ±17.035 | 20.872 | ±6.973 | 2.246 | ±1.421 | 0.448 | ±0.631 | 0.047 | ±0.019 |
| S8 | 13.336 | ±6.045 | 2.124 | ±0.325 | 0.252 | ±0.104 | 0.046 | ±0.012 | 0.015 | ±0.002 |
| S9 | 127.737 | ±26.385 | 18.910 | ±1.508 | 3.568 | ±0.769 | 1.885 | ±2.476 | 0.089 | ±0.036 |
| S10 | 59.715 | ±15.329 | 7.000 | ±0.019 | 1.379 | ±0.062 | 0.574 | ±0.660 | 0.111 | ±0.056 |
| S11 | 93.818 | ±39.836 | 15.857 | ±0.825 | 2.788 | ±0.071 | 0.452 | ±0.540 | 0.089 | ±0.027 |
| S12 | 192.164 | ±63.187 | 14.967 | ±1.608 | 2.758 | ±0.616 | 0.774 | ±0.856 | 0.259 | ±0.117 |
| S13 | 166.239 | ±1.972 | 43.054 | ±14.940 | 2.827 | ±0.358 | 0.468 | ±0.373 | 0.284 | ±0.159 |
| Traditional herbal remedies | ||||||||||
| T1 | 97.473 | ±11.260 | 180.733 | ±65.929 | 19.051 | ±5.132 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. |
| T2 | 142.665 | ±51.413 | 290.539 | ±115.325 | 20.467 | ±12.110 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.214 | 0.189 |
| T3 | 82.960 | ±11.710 | 297.320 | ±44.067 | 9.084 | ±9.441 | 18.624 | 7.377 | N.D. | N.D. |
| MVL | ||||||||||
| AHPA [28] | 6 µg/day | 10 µg/day a | 4.1 µg/day | |||||||
| CNNHP [29] | 10 µg/day | 10 µg/day b | 6.0 µg/day | |||||||
| US CA P 65 [30] | 15 µg/day | 10 µg/day a | 4.1 µg/day | |||||||
| NIN (MEXICO) [35] 2300 µg/day | ||||||||||
| Mexican population [36] | 730(men), 750(women) µg/day | |||||||||
MVL: maximum value limit; AHPA: American Herbal Products Association; CNNHP: Canada Natural and Non-Prescription Health Products; US CA P 65: US California Proposition 65; NIN: National Institute of Nutrition (Mexico); N.D.: non-detectable; a: inorganic arsenic; b: total arsenic; Mn: manganese; Cu: copper; Pb: lead; As: arsenic; Cd: cadmium; SD: standard deviation.