Table A1.

Mitigation strategies suggested by the reviewed authors.

Author	Social Engagement and Sensitisation (Awareness, Behaviour Change)	Misinformation Control	Health Systems Strengthening	Infection Prevention and Control Measures	Environmental Protection	AMR Surveillance and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes	AMR and Infectious Diseases Governance During COVID-19 Pandemic
Rawson, Ming, et al., 2020 [12]						Evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial use, antimicrobial resistance and access to effective antimicrobial treatments. Keep and promote routine surveillance and AMS principles on AMR during COVID-19 times. Strengthen and prioritise antimicrobial stewardship programmes during pandemic times.	Review national policies that do not neglect essential public health programmes in TB and immunisation delivery.
Usman, Farooq and Hanna, 2020 [19]	Educate the public about the unwanted effects of antimicrobial/antibacterial products during the pandemic.					AMS should continue to be applied and promoted during COVID-19 times.	Development of an antimicrobial policy specific for COVID-19, with coordinated strategies at the individual, healthcare and policy levels.
Strathdee, Davies and Marcelin, 2020 [28]				Leverage infection control principles from COVID-19 experience to control AMR.		Prioritise antimicrobial stewardship programmes during the pandemic.
Khor et al., 2020 [21]		Patient education on the appropriate use of antimicrobials and the lack of evidence that antibiotics can be used as a treatment for viral infections, including COVID-19.					Adherence to guidelines recommendations to prevent over- and inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials during the pandemic.
Iwu et al., 2020 [31]						Integrate antimicrobial stewardship into the pandemic response will help to minimise the emergence of AMR during the pandemic. Local guidelines should incorporate the WHO guidance on the use of antimicrobials in the treatment of COVID-19.
Getahun et al., 2020 [24]			Targeted training to increase clinical competence among health workers treating COVID-19 patients. Ensure the continuity of essential health services and regular supply of antimicrobials, including retroviral and tuberculosis drugs and vaccines.		Prioritise biocidal agents without or with a low selection pressure for AMR.
Hsu, 2020 [17]						Collect data on how healthcare responses to the pandemic may be affecting AMR.
Chibabhai et al., 2020 [25]						Development of COVID-19 management protocols by AMS teams Continue AMS activities in non-COVID-19 sections of healthcare facilities.
Arshad et al., 2020 [18]		Development of digital platforms to correct antimicrobial misinformation showing the ineffectiveness of antimicrobials as a treatment for COVID-19 infection.
Wilson et al., 2020 [7]			Prepare and strengthen health systems to the rising burden of AMR after pandemic by strength health systems through investments in capacity building, adequate training for healthcare personnel, adequate supply of antimicrobials and PPE.
Miranda et al., 2020 [32]	Increase societal sensitisation towards infectious diseases and good sanitary practices during the pandemic to diminish the potential impact on rates and transmission of AMR.
Nieuwlaat et al., 2020 [9]	The behavioural changes implemented to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic would also be beneficial in dealing with AMR, as both face similar paths.
Yam, 2020 [22]							A globally coordinated establishment of a framework of governance, surveillance and reporting of AMR to deal with AMR during and after COVID-19.
Monnet and Harbarth, 2020 [11]				Compliance with IPC measures is essential for controlling the spread of COVID-19 infections and AMR bacteria, as well.
Heydargoy, 2020 [20]			Expand virtual consultations systems with reduced cost to decrease antibiotic use in self-medication practices in people who cannot leave home because of the pandemic.
Zhu et al., 2021 [13]						Monitoring of consultations, antibiotics prescribing and AMR should continue during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic to determine the long-term impact on prescribing behaviour among clinicians.
Ashiru-Oredope et al., 2021 [8]				Increased awareness of antimicrobial guidelines and improvements on infection prevention and control.		Technology as a facilitator for AMS activities. Better use of technology (virtual platforms and remote working).