Table 2.
Characteristics of the study participants according to VFA.
| Characteristics | All | Low-VFA | High-VFA | p Value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (men/women) | 2364 (938/1426) | 1221 (260/961) | 1143 (465/678) | |
| Age (y) | 70.0 ± 4.2 | 70.0 ± 4.2 | 70.1 ± 4.2 | 0.573 |
| Height (cm) | 157.8 ± 8.4 | 155.2 ± 7.2 | 160.7 ± 8.6 | <0.001 *** |
| Metabolic risk factors | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 3.0 | 21.0 ± 2.1 | 24.7 ± 2.7 | <0.001 *** |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.8 ± 9.4 | 71.2 ± 6.0 | 84.8 ± 7.1 | <0.001 *** |
| VFA (cm2) | 86.0 ± 41.2 | 54.7 ± 18.0 | 119.5 ± 31.5 | <0.001 *** |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | <0.001 *** |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.7 | <0.001 *** |
| DBP (mmHg) | 83.2 ± 12.1 | 82.2 ± 12.1 | 84.2 ± 12.0 | <0.001 *** |
| SBP (mmHg) | 150.5 ± 21.9 | 148.4 ± 22.8 | 152.7 ± 20.5 | <0.001 *** |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | <0.001 *** |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | <0.001 *** |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | <0.001 *** |
| Lifestyle habit | ||||
| Energy intake (kcal) | 1765 ± 413 | 1726 ± 367 | 1805 ± 453 | <0.001 *** |
| Smoking habit (yes, %) | 7.0 | 5.6 | 8.5 | 0.011 * |
| Sleep time (h/d) | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 0.439 |
| Daily exercise (yes, %) | 68.8 | 70.3 | 67.2 | 0.117 |
| Alcohol intake (yes, %) | 46.7 | 37.5 | 56.5 | <0.001 *** |
| Disease | ||||
| Depression (%) | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.914 |
| Hypertension (%) | 79.6 | 72.2 | 87.1 | <0.001 *** |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 49.6 | 43.0 | 56.6 | <0.001 *** |
| Diabetes (%) | 17.0 | 11.7 | 22.7 | <0.001 *** |
VFA, visceral far area; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein. * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001. Data represent mean ± SD. a p value was evaluated between low-VFA and high-VFA groups.