↓ΔΨm	mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization
•NO	nitric oxide
•OH	hydroxyl radical
4-HNE	4-hydroxynonenal
α-KΓ	Alpha-ketoglutarate
α-KΓΔH	alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
ACAD10	acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 10
ACS	acyl-CoA synthetase
Acn	aconitase
AGE	advanced glycation end products
AKR1A1	aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1
AKI	acute kidney injury
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase
Ang II	angiotensin II
Arg	arginine
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
ATR-1	angiotensin type 1 receptor
Bcl-2	B cell lymphoma 2
BUN	blood urea nitrogen
CI	complex I
CII	complex II
CIII	complex III
CIV	complex IV
CV	complex V
C5aR1	C5 substrate of the complement system receptor 1
CAT	catalase
CBS	cystathionine β-synthase
CD36	cluster of differentiation-36
CKD	chronic kidney diseases
CoA	coenzyme A
Cox I	cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1
CPT I	carnitine O-palmitoyl transferase I
CPT II	carnitine O-palmitoyl transferase II
CPT IA	CPT I isoform A
CPT IB	CPT I isoform B
CSE	cystathionine γ-lyase
Cu/Zn-SOD	copper/zinc-SOD
Cys	cysteine
CARSs	cysteinyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases
Cyt c	cytochrome c
DKD	diabetic kidney disease
DN	diabetic nephropathy
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
Drp1	dynamin-related protein 1
DT	distal tubules
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor
EMT	epithelial–mesenchymal transition
eNOS	endothelial nitric oxide synthase
ERK2	extracellular regulated kinase 2
ERR	estrogen and estrogen-related receptors
ETS	electron transport system
FA	fatty acids
FABP	fatty-acid-binding protein
FADH2	flavin adenine dinucleotide
Fe2+	ferrous iron
Fe3+	ferric iron
Fe-S	iron-sulfur
Fis1	fission protein 1
FoxO	forkhead box O
GC4419	avasopasem manganese
GFRs	growth factor receptors
GPx	glutathione peroxidase
Grx	glutaredoxin
GSH	glutathione
GTPases	guanosine triphosphatases
GST	glutathione S-transferase
h	hours
HK2	human proximal tubular cells
HS•	hydrosulfide radical.
H2O2	hydrogen peroxide
H2S	gydrogen sulfide
His	histidine
I/R	ischemia/reperfusion
Idh2	isocitrate dehydrogenase isoform 2
IKKγ	regulatory subunit of inhibitor IKK complex
IMM	inner mitochondrial membrane
IMS	intermembrane space
K2Cr2O7	potassium dichromate
L-NAME	N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester
LC3-II	microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate
LDs	lipid droplets
LOO•	lipid peroxyl radical
LPS	lipopolysaccharides
Lys	lysine
MA	maleic acid
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinases
MCAD	medium-chain acetyl dehydrogenase
MDA	malondialdehyde
Met	methionine
MetO (R–SOCH3)	methionine sulfoxide
MetO2 (RSO2CH3)	methionine sulfone
Mff	mitochondrial fission factor
Mfn1	mitofusin 1
Mfn2	mitofusin 2
Mief1	mitochondrial elongation factor 1
Mief2	mitochondrial elongation factor 2
mitoTEMPO	2-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-ylamino)-2-oxoethyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride
mitoQ	mitochondrial-targeting antioxidants coenzyme Q
Mn-SOD	manganese superoxide dismutase
mRNA	messenger RNA
Msr	methionine sulfoxide reductase
MsrA	Msr isoform A
MPTP	mitochondrial permeability transition pore
mt-KATP	mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium K channel
mtDNA	mitochondrial DNA
mtROS	mitochondrial ROS
Na+/K+ ATPase	sodium–potassium ATP pump
NAC	N-acetylcysteine
NAD	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NaHS	sodium hydrosulfide
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NOS	nitric oxide synthase
NOXs	NADPH oxidases
NRF-1	nuclear respiratory factor 1
NRF-2	nuclear respiratory factor 2
Nrf2	nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
O2	oxygen
O2•−	superoxide anion radical
OA	oxalacetate
OCR	oxygen consumption rate
OMM	outer mitochondrial membrane
ONOO−	peroxynitrite
Opa1	optical atrophy 1
OS	oxidative stress
Ox-PTMs	oxidative post-translational modifications
OXPHOS	oxidative phosphorylation
p62	sequestosome
PDIA1	protein disulfide isomerase A1
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator-1 alpha
Pink1	phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1
PKC	protein kinase C
PKC-ε	PKC-epsilon
PKC-δ	PKC-delta
PKM2	pyruvate kinase isoform M2
PMF	proton motive force
PPARs	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
Pro	proline
Prx	peroxiredoxin
PT	proximal tubules
PTKs	protein tyrosine kinases
PTM	post-translational modifications
PTPs	protein tyrosine phosphatases
R–S•	thyil radical
R–SNO	S-nitrosothiol
R–SOH	sulfenic acid
R–SO2H	sulfinic acid
R–SO3H	sulfonic acid
R–S(O)–S–R	thiosulfinate
R–SN–R’	sulfenamide
R–S–S–H	persulfonation
Rac1	Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
RAGE	AGE receptor
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RPTCs	renal proximal tubular cells
RTC	renal tubular cells
S−	thiolate anion
S–S	disulfide bonds
SF	sulforaphane
SH	thiol
siRNA	small interfering RNA
SIRT3	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3
SN2	bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
SSG	glutathionylation
TCA	tricarboxylic acid
TECs	tubular epithelial cells
TFAM	transcription factor A
TGFβ1	transforming growth factor-beta 1
Thr	threonine
Trx	thioredoxin
Tyr	tyrosine
UCPs	uncoupling proteins
UCP1	uncoupling protein 1
UCP2	uncoupling protein 2
UCPs	uncoupling proteins
UUO	unilateral ureteral obstruction
VLCAD	very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
WT	wild type